Carminic acid is a natural compound extracted from cochineal insects, such as the cochineal, Armenian cochineal, and Polish cochineal. . The chromophore in this molecule is the conjugated pi system extending across the central anthraquinone ring system. Carminic acid can combine with various metals to form the pigment carmine.2 In industry, it is commonly complexed with aluminum to produce a purple/pink precipitate (with calcium as a counterion). Carmine’s color differs depending on the metal it is complexed to. For centuries, carminic acid and carmine have been used as dyes. The source material is cochineal, a blood-like fluid found within the cochineal insect. Currently, carminic acid and carmine have a multitude of applications in the modern world. They are used as nontoxic food additives and biological stains and are finding new uses as electrochemical modifiers and photosensitizers.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid, the principal constituent of refined palm oil, present in the diet and synthesized endogenously. Palmitic acid is able to activate the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40. Palmitic acid was also a weak ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Palmitic acid is a ligand of lipid chaperones - the fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs). Dietary palm oil and palmitic acid may play a role in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

CTI-01 (ethyl pyruvate) is an investigational anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of critical inflammatory conditions. CTI-01 was developed by Critical Therapeutics as a stable prodrug of pyruvate, a potent antioxidant, and a free radical scavenger. The drug showed an anti-inflammatory and tissue protection activity in animal models of pancreatitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, renal injury, and endotoxemia. CTI-01 was investigated in phase 2 clinical trials on patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, but despite positive results in animal models, administration of EP does not appear to confer any benefit to cardiac surgical patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Besides clinical applications, ethyl pyruvate is long used as an additive to pharmaceutical preparations and foods, including candy, beverages, and baked goods. It is generally recognized as safe by the FDA.

There is no information related to the biological and pharmacological application of levulinic acid. But is known, that levulinic acid was recognized by the US Department of Energy as one of the top biobased platform chemicals of the future. It is a versatile building block with a clear value proposition in chemicals. Levulinic acid can successfully address many performance-related issues attributed to petroleum-based chemicals and materials.

Capric acid (decanoic acid) is a medium-chain fatty acid found in saturated fats (cow butter, and plant oils like coconut oil). Capric acid is a major constituent of the MCT ketogenic diet, providing about 40% of the medium chain fat within the diet. The acid is discussed to have positive effect on seizure control through direct AMPA receptor inhibition and on mitochondrial diseases through the binding to PPARgamma. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, probably by a combination of diffusion and saturable carrier-mediated transport via a medium-chain fatty acid transporter.

Sodium dithionate is a very stable inorganic compound, which is not oxidized by permanganate, dichromate or bromine. The use of sodium dithionate is being criticized for the formation of non-environment friendly decomposition products such as sulphite, sulphate, thiosulphate and toxic sulphur.

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a natural phenol found in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta. Hydroxyl radical attack upon salicylate leads to the generation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and therefore can be used to assess hydroxyl radical formation both in vitro and in vivo. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a biological marker for the detection and quantification of hydroxyl radicals. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) has been safely administered to humans as an iron-chelating agent.

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ) has long been known as a by-product of many intracellular biosynthetic reactions. PPi plays the regulatory role in living systems, such as activities of enzymes, fidelity of syntheses of macromolecules, and proliferation of cells. PPi is used as a biochemical energy source instead of ATP especially in bacteria, protists, and plants. PPi may also regulate the formation and dissolution of bone as well as pathologic calcification of soft tissues and the formation of urinary stones. The formation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the extracellular fluids of joints cause the disease called pseudogout. Sodium, potassium and calcium pyrophosphates (E450) are used as food additives as buffers and emulsifiers.