Cloxacillin is a derivative of penicillin for the treatment of broad spectrum of bacterial infections. The drug exerts its action by inhiiting bacterial beta-lactamase (penicillin-binding proteins).

Nalidixic acid is a quinolone antibacterial indicated for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Nalidixic acid has marked antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria including Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Morganella Morganii; Proteus Mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Providencia rettgeri. Pseudomonas species are generally resistant to the drug. It is suggested that nalidixic acid acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase.

Cephalothin is a first generation, semisynthetic analogue of natural cephalosporin antibiotic. The in-vitro bactericidal action of Cephalothin results from inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. In general, Cephalothin has higher activity against Gram positive than Gram negative organisms. Cephalothin is primarily indicated in conditions like bone and joint infection, genitourinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, soft tissue and skin infections and others. The severe or irreversible adverse effects of Cephalothin, which give rise to further complications, include nephrotoxicity, hemolytic anemia. Cephalothin produces potentially life-threatening effects, which include anaphylaxis, serum sickness syndrome. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Cephalothin are: rashes, urticaria, allergic reactions, thrombophlebitis, pain at injection site. Co-administration of diuretics, such as furanthril, ethacrynic acid and nephrotoxic antibiotics may increase the risk of renal damage. Reciprocal inactivation could be observed during in vitro mixing of Cephalothin with aminoglycosides.

In cosmetics and personal care products, Benzoxiquine has been reported to be used in the formulation of hair tonics, dressings, and other hair grooming aids. Benzoxiquine is described as a biocide for use in cosmetic products. It is currently reported to be used in only one product. In a separate finding, the Food and Drug Administration determined that Benzoxiquine is not generally recognized as safe and effective in over-the-counter topical antifungal drug products. The only data available on the toxicity of Benzoxiquine indicates that it is mutagenic in the Ames test without metabolic activation. Because of the lack of data, the safety of Benzoxiquine could not be substantiated. The data needed to make a safety assessment include purity/impurities, ultraviolet absorption (if there is absorption, then photosensitization data will be needed), 28-day dermal toxicity, dermal teratogenicity, ocular irritation (if already available only), dermal irritation and sensitization, and two different genotoxicity studies (one using a mammalian system). If the latter data are positive, dermal carcinogenesis data using the methods of the National Toxicology Program will be needed. It cannot be concluded that Benzoxiquine is safe for use in cosmetic products until these safety data have been obtained and evaluated.

A synthetic, carbanilide compound with antiseptic activity. Cloflucarban is used as disinfectant and is found in antimicrobial soaps and deodorants. Cloflucarban remains Category II as a health care antiseptic for use as a patient preoperative skin preparation and surgical scrub and Category Ill for use as an antiseptic handwash.

Metabromsalan (or 3,5-dibromosalicylanilide) is a pesticide.

Sulfaphenazole is an oral antibiotic, which was used for the treatment of bacterial infections under the name Sulfabid. The drug was found to block folate synthesis in bacterias by inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase. Sulfaphenazole is also known to inhibit CYP2C9 with high potency and specificity. Sulfabid is no longer marketed in the USA.

Idoxuridine is an antiviral agent use in keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus. As a prescription drug it comes as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution/drops (Herplex and Dendrid). The first studies of the compound for treatment of human herpes simplex started in early 1960s. Being a structural analog of thymidine idoxuridine inhibits viral DNA replication by substituting thymidine. The effect of idoxuridine results in the inability of the virus to reproduce and/or infect tissues. Idoxuridine also blocks viral thymidine kinase as its substrate analog.