Levalmodipine (S-amlodipine) is an active enantiomer of amlodipine, a calcium antagonist that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that S-amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. S-Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Enantiomerically pure S-amlodipine is marketed in some countries worldwide, while racemate, containing active S-enantiomer an inactive R-enantiomer is marketed in the USA and indicated for the treatment of hypertension and coronary artery disease.

Metrizoic acid is a diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt. The mechanism of action of metrizoic acid is as a X-Ray Contrast Activity.

In cosmetics and personal care products, Benzoxiquine has been reported to be used in the formulation of hair tonics, dressings, and other hair grooming aids. Benzoxiquine is described as a biocide for use in cosmetic products. It is currently reported to be used in only one product. In a separate finding, the Food and Drug Administration determined that Benzoxiquine is not generally recognized as safe and effective in over-the-counter topical antifungal drug products. The only data available on the toxicity of Benzoxiquine indicates that it is mutagenic in the Ames test without metabolic activation. Because of the lack of data, the safety of Benzoxiquine could not be substantiated. The data needed to make a safety assessment include purity/impurities, ultraviolet absorption (if there is absorption, then photosensitization data will be needed), 28-day dermal toxicity, dermal teratogenicity, ocular irritation (if already available only), dermal irritation and sensitization, and two different genotoxicity studies (one using a mammalian system). If the latter data are positive, dermal carcinogenesis data using the methods of the National Toxicology Program will be needed. It cannot be concluded that Benzoxiquine is safe for use in cosmetic products until these safety data have been obtained and evaluated.

Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (trade names Bitrex) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. Scientists at Macfarlan Smith, Ltd. of Edinburgh, Scotland discovered Bitrex during research on derivatives of the anesthetic lidocaine. The extremely bitter taste proved effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals. Denatonium is commonly included in placebo medications used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications. Denatonium activates bitter taste receptor, mainly, TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R13 on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.

Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (trade names Bitrex) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. Scientists at Macfarlan Smith, Ltd. of Edinburgh, Scotland discovered Bitrex during research on derivatives of the anesthetic lidocaine. The extremely bitter taste proved effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals. Denatonium is commonly included in placebo medications used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications. Denatonium activates bitter taste receptor, mainly, TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R13 on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.