Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous hydrophilic bile acid used clinically to treat certain liver diseases. It is approved in Italy and Turkey for the treatment of cholesterol gallstones and is an investigational drug in China, Unites States, and Italy. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) promote choleresis by triggering the insertion of transport proteins for bile acids into the canalicular and basolateral membranes of hepatocytes. In addition, Tauroursodeoxycholate exerts hepatoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects, can counteract the action of toxic bile acids and reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress. Tauroursodeoxycholate can also initiate the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) including hepatic stellate cells and promote their development into hepatocyte-like cells. Although the hepatoprotective and choleretic action of TUDC is empirically used in clinical medicine since decades, the underlying molecular mechanisms remained largely unclear.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA) is a chemical used in skin peel formulations. It is more frequently used for lighter skin and is less used on darker skin because of the higher risks of scarring, as well as post-peel dyschromias. Low concentrations, 10-35% is preferred for skin peel formulations so that it only reaches the upper papillary dermis. Topical TCA is an efficacious treatment of internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Advantages of TCA for this recurrent disease process include low cost, no requirement for special equipment beyond that for high-resolution anoscopy, and painless application procedure.

Tiludronic acid is a bisphosphonate characterized by a (4-chlorophenylthio) group on the carbon atom of the basic P-C-P structure common to all bisphosphonates. Tiludronate is a first generation (non-nitrogenous) bisphosphonate in the same family as etidronate and clodronate. Tiludronate affects calcium metabolism and inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification. Of the tiludronate that is resorbed (from oral preparation) or infused (for intravenous drugs), about 50% is excreted unchanged by the kidney. The remainder has a very high affinity for bone tissue, and is rapidly absorbed onto the bone surface. Tiludronic acid is marketed under the tradename Skelid. In vitro studies indicate that tiludronate disodium acts primarily on bone through a mechanism that involves inhibition of osteoclastic activity with a probable reduction in the enzymatic and transport processes that lead to resorption of the mineralized matrix. Bone resorption occurs following recruitment, activation, and polarization of osteoclasts. Tiludronate disodium appears to inhibit osteoclasts through at least two mechanisms: disruption of the cytoskeletal ring structure, possibly by inhibition of protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, thus leading to detachment of osteoclasts from the bone surface and the inhibition of the osteoclastic proton pump. SKELID is indicated for treatment of Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans).

Misoprostol is an antineoplastic drug used to treat skin growths caused by sun exposure. Masoprocol is a novel antineoplastic agent was used for the treatment of actinic keratoses (precancerous skin growths that can become malignant if left untreated). Masoprocol was withdrawn from the U.S. market in June 1996. It is not known exactly how Masoprocol works. Studies have shown that masoprocol is a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and has antiproliferative activity against keratinocytes in tissue culture, but the relationship between this activity and its effectiveness in actinic keratoses is unknown. Masoprocol also inhibits prostaglandins but the significance of this action is not yet known. Symptoms of overdose or allergic reaction include bluish coloration of skin, dizziness, severe, or feeling faint, wheezing or trouble in breathing.

Ioxaglate Sodium Meglumine (trade name Hexabrix) is a new low osmolality ionic contrast agent, that used as a diagnostic radiopaque medium. Following intravascular injection, Ioxaglate Sodium Meglumine is rapidly transported through the circulatory system to the kidneys and is excreted unchanged in the urine. The joint spaces as well as the uterus and fallopian tubes may be visualized by the direct injection of the contrast medium into the region to be studied. The usual adult dose for left coronary arteriography is 8 mL (range 2-14 mL) and for right coronary arteriography is 5 mL (range 1-10 mL). The doses may be repeated as necessary Patients may have clinically insignificant ECG changes during the procedure. The following adverse effects have occurred in conjunction with the administration of iodinated intravascular contrast agents for this procedure: hypotension, shock, anginal pain, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias (bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and cardiac arrest.

Iodoxamic acid (previously sold under the brand name Cholovue) is an organoiodine compound that was used as a contrast medium. It is intravenous cholecystocholangiographic agent. It features both a high iodine content as well as several hydrophilic groups.

Ticrynafen, or tienilic acid, is a diuretic drug with uric acid-lowering action, formerly marketed for the treatment of hypertension. It was withdrawn from the market only months after its introduction because of reports of serious incidents of drug-induced liver injury including some fatalities. Its hepatotoxicity is considered to be primarily immunoallergic in nature. Tienilic acid is a thiophene-containing mechanism-based inactivator of P450 2C9, resulting from covalent modification of the P450 2C9 protein. The bioactivation mechanism involves oxidation of the thiophene ring system.

Etidronate is a salt of etidronic acid (brand name Didronel, also known as EHDP) a diphosphonate, which is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic Paget’s disease of bone and in the prevention and treatment of heterotopic ossification following total hip replacement or due to spinal cord injury. Didronel is not approved for the treatment of osteoporosis. This drugs acts primarily on bone. It can inhibit the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals and their amorphous precursors by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. Inhibition of crystal resorption occurs at lower doses than are required to inhibit crystal growth. Both effects increase as the dose increases. Preclinical studies indicate etidronate disodium does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Didronel is not metabolized. The amount of drug absorbed after an oral dose is approximately 3 percent. Bisphosphonates, when attached to bone tissue, are absorbed by osteoclasts, the bone cells that breaks down bone tissue. Although the mechanism of action of non-nitrogenous bisphosphonates has not been fully elucidated, available data suggest that they bind strongly to hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone matrix, preferentially at the sites of increased bone turnover and inhibit the formation and dissolution of the crystals. Other actions may include direct inhibition of mature osteoclast function, promotion of osteoclast apoptosis, and interference with osteoblast-mediated osteoclast activation. Etidronic acid may promote osteoclast apoptosis by competing with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cellular energy metabolism. The osteoclast initiates apoptosis and dies, leading to an overall decrease in the breakdown of bone.

Ticarcillin (also known as Ticar) is a semisynthetic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Ticarcillin is not absorbed orally; therefore, it must be given intravenously or intramuscularly. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis when the bacteria tries to divide, causing death. Usage of ticar was discontinued.

Oxolinic acid is a synthetic quinolone antibiotic related to nalidixic acid. It is authorized in veterinary medicine for use in finfish, calves, pigs, and poultry. It acts by inhibiting bacterial type II topoisomerase activity. Oxolinic acid has been used in human medicine in several countries in the past. Its use in human medicine has largely been replaced by the fluoroquinolone antibiotics.