E-3174 is an active carboxylic acid metabolite of losartan and is an antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (AT1). Losartan was the first orally active AT1 receptor antagonist available on the market, and it is the antagonist with which the greatest clinical experience has been accumulated. EXP3174 is 10 to 20 times more potent than losartan and has a longer duration of action than losartan. However, the oral bioavailability of EXP 3174 is very low. Thus, the drug on the market is losartan, but most of the losartan’s antihypertensive effect is due to EXP 3174.

3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is a neuronal metabolite of dopamine (DA). DA undergoes monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is metabolized primarily to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) via aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH2. DOPAC exhibits the antiproliferative effect in colon cancer cells. In addition, DOPAC enhances not only the total ALDH activity but also the gene expression of ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and ALDH3A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. The pretreatment of DOPAC completely protects the cells from the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity, thus DOPAC acts as a potential ALDH inducer to prevent the alcohol-induced abnormal reaction.

N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), an amine antiozonant, is used in rubber manufacture and is a human allergen.