Apan (PPI-1019) is the lead compound of a series of β-amyloid-derived peptides designed by Praecis Pharmaceuticals in the US to interact with β-amyloid peptide, facilitating its clearance. Apan is derived from the D-enantiomeric Cholyl-LVFFA-NH2. Apan is developed by Praecis Pharmaceuticals to treat Alzheimer's Disease. Apan inhibits the aggregation of beta-amyloid and its associated nerve cell toxicity. In addition, Apan reaches the brain in quantities that are sufficient to block the aggregation of beta-amyloid molecules and alter the course of the disease. PPI-1019 completed phase I and II clinical trials and was found to be safe, well tolerated and amenable to cross bbb. After peptide administration, levels of Aβ1-40 in the CSF increased, which might be discussed as a sign for Aβ clearance out of the brain. PI-1019 had been in phase I/II clinical trials by Praecis Pharmaceuticals (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline in 2007) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease(AD). However, this study had been discontinued.

Perilla alcohol is a naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene. It is isolated from the essential oils of lavender, peppermint, spearmint, cherries, celery seeds, and several other plants. It has been used topically as a mosquito repellant and in toiletries and may be touted as a constituent of natural products such as tart cherry juice. Perillyl alcohol has demonstrated antiangiogenesis and anticancer effects in vitro. Purported mechanism of action is suppression of the synthesis of small G proteins, including RAS, thereby arresting tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Early clinical studies did not efficacy in prostate, ovarian or breast cancer, probably due to bad pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity after oral administration. More recent preliminary studies found intranasal delivery in patients with malignant gliomas to be well-tolerated and effective, with one study reporting tumor size regression, and another reporting increased overall survival and no side effects after long-term use.