Nitrate ion (NO3 −) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient. It is present at varying concentrations in all plants and is a part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate probably has a role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens, as nitrous oxide and acidified nitrite have antibacterial properties. Significant bacterial reduction of nitrate to nitrite does not normally take place in the stomach, except in individuals with low gastric acidity or with gastrointestinal infections. These may include individuals using antacids, particularly those that block acid secretion. Potassium nitrate is used as mild local desensitizer in toothpastes.

Strychnine is an indole alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the Indian tree Strychnos nux-vomica. It gets its scientific name “strychnos” from Carl Linnaeus, who classified it back in 1753, but it was known to the population of India way before then. Nux vomica originates in India. Strychnine-containing baits are currently labelled for below-ground use and are intended for the control of pocket gophers. Their use as indoor pesticides has been eliminated since 1989. In the past, strychnine has been used as a pesticide to control rats, moles, gophers, and coyotes. Strychnine is highly toxic to most domestic animals. Strychnine is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea.

Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-histidine and l-alanine. It is widely present in muscle and brain tissues. It possesses strong and specific antioxidant properties, protects against radiation damage, and promotes wound healing. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, ROS and free radicals scavenging ability. In addition, was shown, that carnosine significantly protects against TCA-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats, through its antioxidant, antinutritive, and anti-inflammatory effects, and induction of apoptosis. It also may be a therapeutic agent against Parkinson's disease. Experiments on animal have shown the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine.

Creatine is an amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. It is synthesized mainly in the liver from three different amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine. In skeletal muscles, which store 95% of it, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. The rest is stored in the brain, heart, and testes. Creatine functions as part of the cell's energy shuttle. It is excreted as creatinine in the urine.

Eberconazole is an antifungal drug with broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity. The drug was developed and approved in Spain (Ebernet 1% cream) for the treatment of tinea. Eberconazole exerts fungicidal or fungistatic activity depending on concentration, being fungicidal at higher concentration and fungistatic at lower concentrations. Eberconazole prevents fungal growth by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, an essential component of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane leading to structural and functional changes. It prevents the fungal ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase enzyme that is responsible for the formation of 14 alpha-methylsterols (precursor of ergosterols).