Cepharanthine (CEP) is a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from the plant Stephania cepharantha Hayata. It has been widely used in Japan for more than 40 years to treat a wide variety of acute and chronic diseases. CEP inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation and suppresses cytokine production. It has also been shown to scavenge free radicals and to have a protective effect against some of the responses mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL6. CEP has successfully been used to treat a diverse range of medical conditions, including radiation-induced leukopenia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes, venomous snakebites, xerostomia, sarcoidosis, refractory anemia and various cancer-related conditions. No safety issues have been observed with CEP, and side effects are very rarely reported. Recently was described a transcriptomic approach confirmed that cepharanthine might have a potential innovative antiplasmodial mechanism of action. Cepharanthine could interfere with several important functions for Plasmodium survival and virulence as the mitochondrion, apicoplast, cytoadherence antigenic variation and Maurer’s clefts. Thus, cepharanthine might play an ongoing role in the progress on anti-malarial drug discovery efforts. Also using intravenous and oral administration of CEP was shown its protective effect for acute or late toxicity to the bladder/urethra and rectum. It was discovered, that acute urinary toxicity was significantly milder for the intravenous group than for the oral and non-administration groups. The protective efficacy of CEP was not approved for acute rectal toxicity, but late rectal toxicity was significantly milder for the intravenous group than for the oral group. Intravenous Cepharanthin administration may prevent acute or late toxicity by radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Myrtecaine is an ester series local anasthetic. It has been used by topical application for local pain relief. Myrtecaine is often used in the management of muscle or ligament pain, various rheumatismal disorders. It might be used in its lauryl sulfate form in combination with other active ingredients in the management of gastric pain and burning. Myrtecaine was already being sold OTC, but due to a coding error when revising German drug law, myrtecaine had become an Rx substance from a legal point of view.

Exiproben is a choleretic drug marketed in Italy in the 1970s under the trademark of Etopalin and Droctil. When administered, exiproben potently stimulates the production of bile.

Vadocaine is an anilide derivative with antitussive and local anaesthetic action. Vadocaine is highly distributed to the respiratory tract. In chemical structure vadocaine resembles lidocaine. According to the serum concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters, no cumulation of vadocaine was observed. The compound had no effect on blood and urinary parameters measured for safety evaluation. Vadocaine is evidently metabolized in the liver and a remarkable part of the drug and its metabolites are excreted into the bile. Accumulation of radioactivity in the kidneys shows that also renal elimination is important.

Araprofen is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent.

Mesotartaric acid is one of an isomer of Tartaric acid. Mesotartaric acid is a diastereomer which has two opposite chiral centers in the same molecule making the molecule optically inactive. Mesotartaric acid is also commonly called pyrotartaric acid because it is formed by heating d-(-)-tartaric acid. Mesotartaric Acid have several industrial application and may be used as pH regulator, a metal chelator, the reagent in organic synthesis and etc.

Ataluren (Translarna) is a small-molecule drug approved in Europe for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by a nonsense mutation. Ataluren interacts with the ribosome enabling it to read through premature nonsense stop signals on mRNA and allowing the cell to produce a full-length, functional protein. Ataluren is also being tested in phase III for cystic fibrosis caused by a nonsense mutation.

Acrocinonide (or triamcinolone acroleinide) a glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory compound, which has never been marketed.

Difetarsone, an anthelmintic drug, was used in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) infestation.

Isobromidione is an indanedione. It was used as a uricosuric agent.