Carbon C-14 is an unstable, radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years old. One of the frequent uses of the technique is to date organic remains from archaeological sites. Carbon-14 can be used as a radioactive tracer in medicine. In the initial variant of the urea breath test, a diagnostic test for Helicobacter pylori, urea labeled with approximately 37 kBq (1.0 μCi) carbon-14 is fed to a patient (i.e., 37,000 decays per second). In the event of a H. pylori infection, the bacterial urease enzyme breaks down the urea into ammonia and radioactively-labeled carbon dioxide, which can be detected by low-level counting of the patient's breath. The 14C urea breath test has been largely replaced by the 13C urea breath test, which has no radiation issues.

Rubidium-86 is commonly used as a tracer of potassium and can be used for rubidium uptake assays. Rb-86 is one of the highest energy (beta or gamma emitting) radionuclides encountered in UM research laboratories, although not routinely, and requires special care. Rubidium Rb-86 was used to measure of the endocardial distribution of left ventricular coronary blood. Besides, this agent was studied in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the detection of carriers of the gene. In addition, Rb-86 participated in a clinical trial in patients with benign breast lesions, and stage I/II, stage III/IV untreated breast cancers to study its uptake by the red blood cell (RBC). It was found that the RBC potassium content was slightly increased in the cancer patients and was suggested that the decreased uptake is a cancer-related phenomenon.

Gallium nitrate (brand name Ganite) is a drug that is used to treat hyper-calcemia, or too much calcium in the blood. Ganite exerts a hypocalcemic effect by inhibiting calcium resorption from bone, possibly by reducing increased bone turnover. It was shown, that gallium favorably altered the mineral properties to enhance hydroxyapatite crystallization and reduced mineral solubility. The drug also acted on the cellular components of bone to reduce bone resorption by decreasing acid secretion by osteoclasts. Nevertheless, ganite was withdrawn from sale, although the reasons was not the safety or effectiveness. Gallium nitrate inhibits the growth of various lymphoma cell lines in vitro and exhibits antitumor activity in patients with lymphoma. Gallium binds avidly to the iron transport protein transferrin. Transferrin-gallium complexes preferentially target cells that express transferrin receptors on their surface. Expression of transferrin receptors is particularly high on lymphoma cells. Cellular uptake of the gallium-transferrin complex leads to inhibition of cellular proliferation primarily via disruption of iron transport and homeostasis and blockade of ribonucleotide reductase. In phase II of clinical trials in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma, the antitumor activity of gallium nitrate is similar to, or better than, that of other commonly used chemotherapeutic agents.

XENON XE-127, a radioactive gas, was developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1973 for lung ventilation imaging. It appears to be preferable to xenon-133 because of the higher counting rates, lower patient radiation dose, and longer shelf life. However, its production ceased in 1993 due to various reasons.

Krypton Kr 81m is radiolabeled noble gas suitable only for inhalation in diagnostic studies. Krypton Kr 81m used for Imaging ventilated regions of the lung, Combined with pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and other conditions. Krypton Kr 81m diffuses easily, passing through cell membranes and exchanging freely between blood and tissue. It is distributed in the lungs in a manner similar to air, thus representing the regions of the lung that are aerated. The gamma photons of krypton Kr 81m can then be employed to obtain counts per minute per lung or region of the lung, or to display their distribution as a scan.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. Also, it constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. Skin contact with HYDROCHLORIC ACID can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. It may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage.