Daidzein, an isoflavonoid phytoestrogenic compound found in soybeans, possesses various biological properties. It may induce apoptosis of choriocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, in addition, it promotes proliferation and differentiation in osteoblastic OCT1 cells via activation of the BMP-2/Smads pathway. Daidzein exerts neuroprotective effects through the novel extranuclear GPR30 and the classical transcriptionally acting ERβ.

Chlorogenic acid is the ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid is a naturally occurring plant metabolite and can be found with the related compounds cryptochlorgenic acid and neochlorogenic acid in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa, coffee, potato, eggplant, peaches, and prunes. Chlorogenic acid has been investigated as a dietary supplement to improve glucose intolerant hypoglycemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It has also been identified as a potential anticancer agent by reducing the expression of HIF-1a and Sphingosine Kinase-1. Chlorogenic acid was also identified as a neuraminidase blocker effective against influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2).

Xanthohumol is a prenylated flavonoid most abundant in hops. It is found in beers and refreshment drinks. It can attenuate several factors of the metabolic syndrome. It has been reported to inhibit adipogenesis or increase cell apoptosis and therefore can be used in preventing obesity. Xanthohumol inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activity in pancreatic cancer. Xanthohumol may represent a novel therapeutic agent for the management of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, it is in phase I clinical trials for preventing many types of cancer. It has a range of other biological properties: antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial and as an osteoporosis preventing agent.

Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defence molecule from garlic (Allium sativum L.) with a broad range of biological activities. Allicin is produced upon tissue damage from the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme alliinase. Allicin is known to be hydrophobic and can be readily absorbed through the cell membrane without inducing any damage to the phospholipid bilayer and then rapidly metabolized to exert pharmacological effects. The majority of allicin's effects are believed to be mediated via redox-dependent mechanisms. Allicin is physiologically active in microbial, plant and mammalian cells. In a dose-dependent manner allicin can inhibit the proliferation of both bacteria and fungi or kill cells outright, including antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In plants allicin inhibits seed germination and attenuates root-development. Furthermore, in mammalian cell lines, including cancer cells, allicin induces cell-death and inhibits cell proliferation. Allicin was found to provide cardio-protective effects by inducing vasorelaxation and alleviating various pathological conditions of CVD, including cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Allicin was also discovered to further protect the cardiovascular system by enhancing the antioxidant status by lowering the level of reactive oxygen species and stimulating the production of glutathione.

5-Methoxytryptamine (aka 5-MT, mexamine) is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin. 5-MT is produced endogenously at low levels; it is biosynthesized by deacetylation of melatonin in the pineal gland. 5-MT acts as a full agonist at the 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. It is often used as a chemical probe in the study of serotonin receptors, but it has also been used in a clinical trial to mitigate the anemic effects of cisplatin chemotherapy.

Shogaol (6-Shogaol) is a bioactive ingredient of ginger root (Zingiber officinale), a medicinal plant having anti-nausea, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties and a carminative effect. 6-Shogaol inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by activating PPAR-γ. As one of the main bioactive compounds of dried ginger, 6-shogaol has been widely used to alleviate many ailments. It is also a major pungent flavor component, and its precursor prior to dehydration is 6-gingerol, which is reported to be responsible for the pungent flavor and biological activity of fresh ginger. The conjugation of the α,β-unsaturated ketone skeleton in the chemical structure of 6-shogaol explicates its higher potency and efficacy than 6-gingerol in terms of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiemetic and other bioactivities. 6-Shogaol not only scavenges free radicals, such as superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals, but also effectively suppresses the activity of xanthine oxidase, which is an important generator of oxygen containing free radicals. 6-shogaol possesses strong metal-binding capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation and AAPH-induced DNA damage. 6-shogaol exhibits an excellent anti-inflammatory activity in downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevention of excessive oxidants in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, human kidney epithelial cell 293T, mouse microglia, rat astrocytes, human keratinocytes as well as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated mouse skin. 6-Shogaol also exerts a strong anti-inflammatory influence on acute gouty arthritis. The increased lipid peroxidation, lysosomal enzymes, inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as enlarged paw volume induced by monosodium urate crystals in mice can be reduced to nearly normal levels upon consuming 6-shogaol. Various molecular targets are involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of 6-shogoal. Some molecules such as TLR4 receptor and Keap1 are directly targeted by 6-shogaol, while others are indirectly mediated by various pathways. 6-shogaol also exhibits neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons in both in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease (PD) models. In addition to anti-oxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation and anti-Aβ toxicity activities, 6-shogaol also shows capacities to resist neuronal apoptosis and to modulate synaptic and cholinergic functions. 6-shogaol has been treated as a potent anticancer agent against multitudinous cancers including liver, colon, lung, breast, gastric, skin, kidney, ovarian, prostate, laryngeal and pancreatic cancers as well as leukemia. The anticancer activity of 6-shogaol is attributed to its ability to modulate a series of signaling molecules such as MAPK, PI3K, Akt, NF-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), TNF-ɑ, COX-2, cyclin D1, CDK, MMP-9, survivin, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP-1), X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (XIAP), Bcl-2, and caspases. 6-Shogaol can trigger autophagy of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells by blocking the activation of Akt and its downstream targets, such as mTOR, forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β).

Mebolazine is an androgenic anabolic steroid.