There has been limited scientific interest in the biological and/or pharmacological application of lauryl fumarate.

Dibutyl fumarate (DBF) is a plasticizer compound used in a number of products. However, it is banned from use in consumer products in the European Union after causing a widespread outbreak of dermatitis. The status of DBF as a skin irritant has been confirmed in animal studies. DBF apparently facilitates the trafficking of FITC-presenting CD11c(+) dendritic cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes and increases the cytokine production by draining lymph nodes.

Monostearyl fumarate (sodium stearyl fumarate) is a lubricant for use in tablet formulation, it can be used as a taste-masking agent in orally disintegrating tablets. It is a conditioning and stabilizing agent.

Maleic acid monosodium salt. Used in water soluble polymers preparation.

Maleic acid monosodium salt. Used in water soluble polymers preparation.

Naftidrofuryl (INN), also known as nafronyl or as the oxalate salt naftidrofuryl oxalate or nafronyl oxalate, is a vasodilator used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. The drug act as a selective antagonist of 5-HT2 receptors. Naftidrofuryl is marketed under a variety of trade names, including Artocoron, Azunaftil, Di-Actane, Dusodril, Enelbin, Frilix, Gevatran, Iridus, Iridux, Luctor, Nafti, Naftoling, Naftodril, Nafoxal, Praxilene, Sodipryl retard, and Vascuprax. Praxilene belongs to a group of medicines known as ‘metabolic activators’. These are used to treat different types of blood circulation problems. Praxilene allows the body to make better use of the oxygen in your blood. Praxilene is used to treat the following symptoms: cramp-like pains; cramps in legs at night; severe pain in r legs when people are resting (rest pain); pale or blue fingers or toes which get worse when it is cold; numbness, tingling or burning feelings in the fingers or toes (Raynaud’s syndrome or acrocyanosis); open sores on the legs or feet (trophic ulcers); poor circulation caused by diabetes (diabetic arteriopathy).

Levormeloxifene (INN) is an experimental selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that was being developed as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Levormeloxifene is the levorotatory enantiomer of non-hormonal, non-steroidal oral contraceptive -- ormeloxifene (trade names Novex-DS, Centron, and Sevista). The development of Levormeloxifene was stopped because of a high incidence of gynecologic adverse events during clinical trials.