Pirlimycin is an antibiotic which was approved in the US and Europe for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cattle associated with common mastitis pathogens, mostly Gram-positive bacterias. The drug exerts its action by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, therefore hindering the aminoacyl-tRNA binding and inhibiting the peptidyltransferase reaction, which interferes with protein synthesis within the bacteria.

Sodium dehydroacetate, a water-soluble antiseptic, is a food and feed additive with antimicrobial effects. Recently published studies have shown that sodium dehydroacetate in patients with leg ulcers could cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Glycocholic acid (GCA) is an important metabolite of bile acids, a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. GCA urine levels are expected to be a specific diagnostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The average GCA concentrations of HCC patients in plasma and urine were about 25 and 2.8 times than that of healthy volunteers.

Triethyl citrate is a triester of ethyl alcohol and citric acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white. Triethyl citrate is a plasticizer, that plays an important role as a dispersing aid in the processing of polylactic acid/chitin nanocrystal (PLA/ChNC) nanocomposites.

Creatinine is a product of metabolism of creatine phosphate, a molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of a brain and skeletal muscle. Creatinine is excreted by kidneys with little or no reabsorption. Serum creatinine is the most commonly used indicator of renal function.

Doramectin is a macrocyclic lactone isolated from fermentations of selected strains derived from the soil organism Streptomyces avermitilis. A primary mode of action of macrocyclic lactones is to modulate chloride ion channel activity in the nervous system of nematodes and arthropods. Macrocyclic lactones bind to receptors that increase membrane permeability to chloride ions. This inhibits the electrical activity of nerve cells in nematodes and muscle cells in arthropods and causes paralysis and death of the parasites. Doramectin is indicated for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, eyeworms, grubs, biting and sucking lice, horn flies, and mange mites in cattle.

Florfenicol (Nuflor) is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol. Florfenicol is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus, for treatment of bovine interdigital phlegmon (foot rot, acute interdigital necrobacillosis, infectious pododermatitis) associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum, primarily bacteriostatic, antibiotic with a range of activity similar to that of chloramphenicol, including many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms; however, florfenicol does not carry the risk of inducing human aplastic anemia that is associated with chloramphenicol. It also has activity against some chloramphenicol resistant strains of bacteria, possibly because it is less affected by the major enzyme produced in plasmid-mediated bacterial resistance against chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Although the activity of florfenicol against obligate anaerobes is not addressed in the literature, it is likely to be quite effective. Antibiotic principle of Florfenicol is similar to that of chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol. Florfenicol inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 70S ribosomal 50S subunits of susceptible bacteria, leading to the inhibition of peptidyl transferase and thereby preventing the transfer of amino acids to extending peptide chains and subsequent protein formation. The bacterial receptor that is the site of action for florfenicol is also considered to be the same as that for chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Florfenicol has a fluorine atom instead of the hydroxyl group located at C-3 in the structure of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. This prevents the acetylation of bacterial acetyltransferase in this site as to allow florfenicol to be less susceptible to deactivation by bacteria with plasmid-transmissible resistance that involves acetylation of the C-3 hydroxyl group in chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, and prevents their interaction with bacterial ribosomes.

Oleyl alcohol (also octadecenol or cis-9-octadecen-1-ol) is a non-ionic, unsaturated fatty alcohol. Oleyl alcohol is a long-chain aliphatic alcohol that occurs naturally in fish oils. It is used in such large-scale applications as the softening and lubrication of textile fabrics, and the production of carbon paper, stencil paper, and printing ink. Oleyl alcohol is also utilized as an antifoam agent and cutting lubricant. It also is a precursor for the preparation of its sulfuric ester derivatives, which are used in detergents and wetting agents. Oleyl alcohol has been incorporated into various formulations for drug delivery. Oleyl alcohol is found in a wide variety of products such as hair conditioners, foundations, eye makeup, skin moisturizers, skin cleansers and other skin care products. Oleyl alcohol helps to form emulsions and prevents an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components. It also reduces the tendency of finished products to generate foam when shaken. When used in the formulation of skin care products, Oleyl alcohol acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft, smooth appearance.

Galactose, a monosaccharide sugar, is a key source of energy and is an important compound for early human development. Galactose is present in dairy products, the pectin of some fruits, vegetables, and some herbs. Children get most of their dietary galactose from milk. D-galactose is freely available in health food stores and is promoted for stimulating the immune system and improving gut motility in healthy individuals. Galactose as a part of food supplement participates in phase II of clinical trials for congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) patients. CDG is a group of more than 130 inborn errors of metabolism affecting N-linked, O-linked protein and lipid-linked glycosylation. In addition, monosaccharide is used in clinical trials phase I in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), where the galactose lowers the level of a circulating factors that increase glomerular permeability to albumin in patients with resistant FSGS.

HYDROXYPROLINE, a hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline, is a major component of the protein collagen. For this reason, HYDROXYPROLINE content in biological fluids is used as a parameter of collagen catabolism, especially bone resorption or tissue degradation. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired HYDROXYPROLINE formation.