Caffeine is a methylxanthine alkaloid found in the seeds, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to South America and East Asia that is structurally related to adenosine and acts primarily as an adenosine receptor antagonist with psychotropic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon ingestion, caffeine binds to adenosine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), which inhibits adenosine binding. This inhibits the adenosine-mediated downregulation of CNS activity; thus, stimulating the activity of the medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain. The anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine are due the nonselective competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterases. Caffeine is used by mouth or rectally in combination with painkillers (such as aspirin and acetaminophen) and a chemical called ergotamine for treating migraineheadaches. It is also used with painkillers for simple headaches and preventing and treating headaches after epidural anesthesia. Caffeine creams are applied to the skin to reduce redness and itching in dermatitis. Healthcare providers sometimes give caffeine intravenously (by IV) for headache after epidural anesthesia, breathing problems in newborns, and to increase urine flow. In foods, caffeine is used as an ingredient in soft drinks, energy drinks, and other beverages.

There is no available information related any biological and pharmaceutical application of ammonium tetrachlorozincate.

Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin is unique in this class of drugs because it irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 activity by acetylating a serine residue (Ser529 and Ser516, respectively) positioned in the arachidonic acid-binding channel, thus inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and reducing the inflammatory response. The drug is used either alone or in combination with other compounds for the treatment of pain, headache, as well as for reducing the risk of stroke and heart attacks in patients with brain ischemia and cardiovascular diseases.

Panobinostat is an oral deacetylace (DAC) inhibitor approved on February 23, 2015 by the FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma. The approval was accelerated based on progression-free survival, therefore confirmatory trials by the sponsor to demonstrate clinical efficacy in multiple myeloma treatment are in progress of being conducted. Panobinostat is marketed by Novartis under the brand name Farydak. Panobinostat is a deacetylase (DAC) inhibitor. DACs, also known as histone DACs (HDAC), are responsible for regulating the acetylation of about 1750 proteins in the body; their functions are involved in many biological processes including DNA replication and repair, chromatin remodelling, transcription of genes, progression of the cell-cycle, protein degradation and cytoskeletal reorganization. In multiple myeloma, there is an overexpression of DAC proteins. Panobinostat inhibits class I (HDACs 1, 2, 3, 8), class II (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10) and class IV (HDAC 11) proteins. Panobinostat's antitumor activity is believed to be attributed to epigenetic modulation of gene expression and inhibition of protein metabolism. Panobinostat also exhibits cytotoxic synergy with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor concurrently used in treatment of multiple myeloma.

Daclatasvir (BMS-790052) is a direct-acting antiviral agent against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) used for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 3 infection. Daclatasvir prevents RNA replication and virion assembly by binding to NS5A, a nonstructural phosphoprotein encoded by HCV. Binding to the N-terminus of the D1 domain of NS5A prevents its interaction with host cell proteins and membranes required for virion replication complex assembly.

Vorapaxar is a tricyclic himbacine-derived oral thrombin receptor antagonist that acts by reversible inhibition of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). PAR-1 is expressed on platelets and its inhibition prevents platelets from aggregation. Vorapaxar is approved by FDA and is indicated for the reduction of recurring thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction or with peripheral arterial disease. Vorapaxar at the same time may cause bleeding complications including intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), when compared to standard therapy alone. That is why Vorapaxar is contraindicated in patients with prior stroke, transient ischemic attack and ICH.

Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B palm polymerase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir as the combination product Viekira Pak. Viekira PAK combines three direct-acting antiviral agents with distinct mechanisms of action and non-overlapping resistance profiles to target HCV at multiple steps in the viral lifecycle. Dasabuvir is extensively evaluated in large clinical trials and shown excellent sustained virological response among hepatitis C virus genotype1 patient population in combination with other oral direct acting antivirals, with good safety profile and tolerance.

Simeprevir is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor approved for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C (genotype 1 and 4). Inhibiting NS3/4A, simeprevir blocks viral replication. In in vitro assays simeprevir was potent against HCV genotype 1a and 1b. Simeprevir must not be administered as monotherapy and should only be prescribed with both peginterferon alfa and ribavirin.

Ingenol is an extremely weak PKC (protein kinase C) activator, with potent anticancer activity. Ingenol derivatives have received constant and multidisciplinary attention on account of their pleiotropic pattern of biological activity. This includes activation of PKC (protein kinase C), tumor-promotion, anticancer, and anti-HIV properties, and the possibility of dissecting co-cancerogenic and clinically useful activities has been demonstrated. Certain ingenol esters show powerful anticancer activity, and a structure-activity relationship model to discriminate between their apoptotic and non-apoptotic properties has been developed.

Indacaterol is an ultra-long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist developed by Novartis. It was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) under the trade name Onbrez Breezhaler on November 30, 2009, and by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the trade name Arcapta Neohaler, on July 1, 2011. It needs to be taken only once a day, unlike the related drugs formoterol and salmeterol. It is licensed only for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (long-term data in patients with asthma are thus far lacking). It is delivered as an aerosol formulation through a dry powder inhaler.