Gamolenic acid also known as gamma-linolenic acid is a natural component of Oenothera biennis L. (Evening Primrose). Gamolenic acid was used for the treatment of breast painand atopic dermatitis in Europe, although now the drug is withdrawn from the market (there is no safety issue associated with the withdrawal of the licences). The mechanism of action of gamolenic acid is connected with its interaction with prostanoid pathway.

Cinnamic acid is a polyphenol found in cinnamon oil and used in commercial flavorings. Recent studies have shown the pharmacological properties of cinnamic acid and its derivatives, including hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. In preclinical studies cinnamic acid demonstrated to be a promising candidate for the treatment ob obesity and diabetes. The mechanism of action of cinnamic acid in obesity is explained by its ability to inhibit lipases and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). However, there are several hypotesis regarding the effect of cinnamic acid in diabetes: cinnamic acid enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion, prevents palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity, inhibits palmitic acid-induced alteration of lipogenic gene and protein expression (AMPK, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC), inhibits DPP IV, exhibits an additive effect on the uptake of glucose, stimulates adiponectin secretion, etc.

Carbenoxolone is a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative with a steroid-like structure, similar to substances found in the flavor-ful root of the licorice plant. It influences endogenous glucocorticoids by potently inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Electrolyte imbalance is a serious side effect of carbenoxolone when used systemically. Carbenoxolone is best known in cellular physiology as a modestly potent, reasonably effective, water-soluble blocker of gap junctions. It exerts anti-inflammatory activity. Carbenoxolone has used orally in the clinical treatment of peptic ulcers, now it is used topically for the treatment of lip sores and mouth ulcers.

Uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has proven and emerging roles in human disease. Humans produce large quantities of uric acid. Excess serum accumulation of uric acid can lead to a type of arthritis known as gout. Hyperuricemia may increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High serum uric acid was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other diseases.

SERINE, D- (D-serine) is a non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines and other amino acids. A considerable level of D-serine was discovered, surprisingly, in the mammalian brain in the early 1990s. Since then, D-serine has been considered to be a co-agonist of glutamate at the glycine site of NMDA receptors. D-serine plays an important role in the central nervous system as an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of glutamate N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors. D-serine is synthetized by racemization of L-serine in most neural and non-neural cells, and modulates a variety of physiological functions in mammals. D-Serine synthesis is attributed to Serine Racemase (SR), which catalyses the synthesis of D-serine from L-serine. D-serine may play a role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, which may be linked to NMDA receptor hypo-function. Studies in genetic and pharmacological animal models with decreased D-serine levels have shown that these animals displayed behavioural abnormalities similar to those seen in schizophrenia. Moreover, exogenous administration of D-serine and related compounds improved several phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia, which could have positive clinical implications in humans. The results of a clinical trial in Taiwanese schizophrenic patients who received D-serine as adjuvant treatment indicated that those patients who received D-serine treatment, improved positive, negative and cognitive symptoms seen in schizophrenia. In addition, this clinical trial showed that D-serine did not worsen side effects from other antipsychotics, which may be due to its selective action at the NMDA-glycine site. Therefore, D-serine could be considered as a therapeutic approach for schizophrenia, which is different from the dopaminergic approach. It has also been shown that exogenous d-serine administration can suppress appetite and alter food preference. Thus NMDA receptor and its co-agonist d-seine participate in the control of appetite and food preference, which can be used to suppress obesity. D-serine has been shown to have cognitive-enhancing properties in different brain disorders and in age-related cognitive decline. From a clinical perspective, it is important to highlight that in a recent double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study our group observed that an acute oral administration of 30 mg/kg of d-serine improved spatial learning and problem solving. D-serine may be especially useful for depression because of its acute and chronic antidepressant effects,

Palmitoleic acid, commonly known as omega-7, is a rare monounsatured fatty acid, which was generally reported to benefit the skin in promoting epithelialisation, and certain gynaecological problems (vaginal mycoses). Until now, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a shrub widely found in Europe and Asia, and macadamia nuts have been the principal sources. Palmitoleic acid (PMA) has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Palmitoleic acid is a gap junction uncoupler.

Glucuronic acid is a sugar acid that was first identified in urine. It is an intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway. Moreover, glucuronic acid is involved in detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them and forming glucuronides. Glucuronic acid has been found to cause an increase in TLR4-dependent reporter protein expression in a cell line transfected with TLR4 and associated co-signaling molecules, and can cause TLR4-dependent pain in humans.