Shikimic acid (SA), an active metabolite of polyphenol-rich food intake, originally extracted from Illicium verum Hook. fil. is an indispensable starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug oseltamivir and others useful compounds. In the biological studies, SA has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antioxidant, antithrombotic, and antibacterial activities. SA can play an important role in reducing platelet activation, aggregation related thrombus formation and biomarkers of thrombogenesis in sedentary individuals. In addition, was investigated antibacterial activity of SA against S. aureus, which could be caused by the interactions of SA with S. aureus membrane proteins and lipids, resulting in causing cell membrane dysfunction and bacterial damage or even death.

Peracetic acid, also known as peroxyacetic acid, is an organic peroxide used an an antimicrobial agent. It is commonly utlized as a medical instrument and food industry disinfectant. Peracetic acid is also used in epoxidation of various alkenes, converting carbon–carbon double bonds into oxiranes. It is a strong oxidizing agent that can cause irritation to skin and respiratory tract.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. Caffeic acid is naturally found in many agricultural products, such as fruit, vegetables, wine, olive oil, and coffee, and therefore, significantly present in human diet. Caffeic acid has been reported to have a wide variety of biological activities, including antioxidants, antithrombosis, antihypertensive, antifibrosis, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. Caffeic acid can be effectively employed as a natural antioxidant in various food products such as oils. Caffeic acid exhibits potent anticancer effect in HT-1080 cell line and that it may be used as an anticancer agent. Caffeic acid showed neuroprotective action against oxidative and DNA damage produced in the kindling epilepsy model, although they did not produce antiepileptogenic effect in vivo. Caffeic acid was effective in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Detected in clinical trial caffeic acid-related adverse events were: mild nausea and elevation of liver enzymes.

Cinnamic acid is a polyphenol found in cinnamon oil and used in commercial flavorings. Recent studies have shown the pharmacological properties of cinnamic acid and its derivatives, including hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. In preclinical studies cinnamic acid demonstrated to be a promising candidate for the treatment ob obesity and diabetes. The mechanism of action of cinnamic acid in obesity is explained by its ability to inhibit lipases and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). However, there are several hypotesis regarding the effect of cinnamic acid in diabetes: cinnamic acid enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion, prevents palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity, inhibits palmitic acid-induced alteration of lipogenic gene and protein expression (AMPK, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC), inhibits DPP IV, exhibits an additive effect on the uptake of glucose, stimulates adiponectin secretion, etc.

Gamolenic acid also known as gamma-lonolenic acid is a natural component of Oenothera biennis L. (Evening Primrose). Gamolenic acid was used for the treatment of breast painand atopic dermatitis in Europe, although now the drug is withdrawn from the market (there is no safety issue associated with the withdrawal of the licences). The mechanism of action of gamolenic acid is connected with its interaction with prostanoid pathway.

SERINE, D- (D-serine) is a non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines and other amino acids. A considerable level of D-serine was discovered, surprisingly, in the mammalian brain in the early 1990s. Since then, D-serine has been considered to be a co-agonist of glutamate at the glycine site of NMDA receptors. D-serine plays an important role in the central nervous system as an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of glutamate N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors. D-serine is synthetized by racemization of L-serine in most neural and non-neural cells, and modulates a variety of physiological functions in mammals. D-Serine synthesis is attributed to Serine Racemase (SR), which catalyses the synthesis of D-serine from L-serine. D-serine may play a role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, which may be linked to NMDA receptor hypo-function. Studies in genetic and pharmacological animal models with decreased D-serine levels have shown that these animals displayed behavioural abnormalities similar to those seen in schizophrenia. Moreover, exogenous administration of D-serine and related compounds improved several phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia, which could have positive clinical implications in humans. The results of a clinical trial in Taiwanese schizophrenic patients who received D-serine as adjuvant treatment indicated that those patients who received D-serine treatment, improved positive, negative and cognitive symptoms seen in schizophrenia. In addition, this clinical trial showed that D-serine did not worsen side effects from other antipsychotics, which may be due to its selective action at the NMDA-glycine site. Therefore, D-serine could be considered as a therapeutic approach for schizophrenia, which is different from the dopaminergic approach. It has also been shown that exogenous d-serine administration can suppress appetite and alter food preference. Thus NMDA receptor and its co-agonist d-seine participate in the control of appetite and food preference, which can be used to suppress obesity. D-serine has been shown to have cognitive-enhancing properties in different brain disorders and in age-related cognitive decline. From a clinical perspective, it is important to highlight that in a recent double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study our group observed that an acute oral administration of 30 mg/kg of d-serine improved spatial learning and problem solving. D-serine may be especially useful for depression because of its acute and chronic antidepressant effects,

Carbenoxolone is a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative with a steroid-like structure, similar to substances found in the flavor-ful root of the licorice plant. It influences endogenous glucocorticoids by potently inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Electrolyte imbalance is a serious side effect of carbenoxolone when used systemically. Carbenoxolone is best known in cellular physiology as a modestly potent, reasonably effective, water-soluble blocker of gap junctions. It exerts anti-inflammatory activity. Carbenoxolone has used orally in the clinical treatment of peptic ulcers, now it is used topically for the treatment of lip sores and mouth ulcers.