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Restrict the search for
valproic acid
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2002)
Source:
ANDA075841
(2002)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
AREDIA by NOVARTIS
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Pamidronic acid (Pamidronate Disodium) is a bone resorption inhibitor. The principal pharmacologic action of pamidronate disodium is inhibition of bone resorption. Although the mechanism of
antiresorptive action is not completely understood, several factors are thought to contribute to this action. Pamidronate disodium
adsorbs to calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals in bone and may directly block dissolution of this mineral component of bone.
In vitro studies also suggest that inhibition of osteoclast activity contributes to inhibition of bone resorption. In animal studies, at doses
recommended for the treatment of hypercalcemia, pamidronate disodium inhibits bone resorption apparently without inhibiting bone
formation and mineralization. Of relevance to the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy is the finding that pamidronate disodium
inhibits the accelerated bone resorption that results from osteoclast hyperactivity induced by various tumors in animal studies. Pamidronate disodium, in conjunction with adequate hydration, is indicated for the treatment of moderate or severe hypercalcemia
associated with malignancy, with or without bone metastases. Pamidronate disodium is indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe Paget’s disease of bone. Pamidronate disodium is indicated, in conjunction with standard antineoplastic therapy, for the treatment of osteolytic bone metastases
of breast cancer and osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2000)
Source:
ANDA075665
(2000)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
LODINE by WYETH PHARMS INC
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Etodolac is an anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. It is used to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and control acute pain. The therapeutic effects of etodolac are achieved via inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, swelling and inflammation. Etodolac is administered as a racemate. As with other NSAIDs, the S-form has been shown to be active while the R-form is inactive. Both enantiomers are stable and there is no evidence of R- to S- conversion in vivo. Similar to other NSAIDs, the anti-inflammatory effects of etodolac result from inhibition of the enzyme cycooxygenase (COX). This decreases the synthesis of peripheral prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation. Etodolac binds to the upper portion of the COX enzyme active site and prevents its substrate, arachidonic acid, from entering the active site. Etodolac was previously thought to be a non-selective COX inhibitor, but it is now known to be 5 – 50 times more selective for COX-2 than COX-1. Antipyresis may occur by central action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat loss. Etodolac is used for acute and long-term management of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as for the management of pain. Lodine, the brand-name formulation of the drug, has been discontinued in the United States, and only the generic form of etodolac is available.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2007)
Source:
ANDA078103
(2007)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
NDA019766
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Tenivastatin (well known as simvastatin acid or simvastatin hydroxy acid) is a pharmacologically active metabolite, which is formed in the mammalian organism from lactone prodrug, simvastatin. Tenivastatin is a potent reversible inhibitor of HMGCR (HMG-CoA reductase), reduces cholesterol synthesis and increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell membranes of liver and extrahepatic tissues. It is also a substrate of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1/Oatp2), an influx transporter expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. Recent studies have shown that OATP1B1 plays a clinically important role in the hepatic elimination of several drugs including statins, via mediating the hepatic uptake. In addition, was discovered, that the tenivastatin was a substrate of another transporter protein, human organic anion transporting polypeptide 3A1 (OATP3A1), which is predominately expressed in the heart. Presence of OATP3A1 in cardiomyocytes suggested that transporter could modulate the exposure of cardiac tissue to simvastatin acid due to its enrichment in cardiomyocytes. Increases in the uptake of simvastatin acid by OATP3A1 when combined with OATP substrates suggest the potential for drug-drug interactions that could influence clinical outcomes.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2004)
Source:
ANDA076118
(2004)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
NDA019851
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Benazepril is a prodrug which is metabolized by the liver into its active form benazeprilat via cleavage of the drug's ester group. Benazepril and Benazeprilat inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and animals. Benazeprilat has much greater ACE inhibitory activity than does Benazepril. It is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with thiazide diuretics. Adverse reactions reported in controlled clinical trials and rarer events seen in post-marketing experience, include the following: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pemphigus, apparent hypersensitivity reactions (manifested by dermatitis, pruritus, or rash), photosensitivity, and flushing, nausea, pancreatitis, constipation, gastritis, vomiting, and melena, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia, anxiety, decreased libido, hypertonia, insomnia, nervousness, and paresthesia. Patients on diuretics, especially those in whom diuretic therapy was recently instituted, may occasionally experience an excessive reduction of blood pressure after initiation of therapy with Benazepril. Increased serum lithium levels and symptoms of lithium toxicity have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including benazepril) during therapy with lithium.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2021)
Source:
ANDA212483
(2021)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
NDA020068
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Foscarnet is an antiviral agent. Foscarnet shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV. Foscarnet is used for treating eye problems caused by CMV in people with AIDS. It is also used to treat a type of HSV that cannot be treated by another medicine in people with a weak immune system. FOSCAVIR is the brand name for foscarnet sodium. FOSCAVIR is an organic analogue of inorganic
pyrophosphate that inhibits replication of herpesviruses in
vitro including cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex
virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). FOSCAVIR exerts its antiviral activity by a selective
inhibition at the pyrophosphate binding site on virusspecific
DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not
affect cellular DNA polymerases. FOSCAVIR does not
require activation (phosphorylation) by thymidine kinase or
other kinases and therefore is active in vitro against HSV
TK deficient mutants and CMV UL97 mutants. Thus, HSV
strains resistant to acyclovir or CMV strains resistant to
ganciclovir may be sensitive to FOSCAVIR.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2007)
Source:
ANDA078393
(2007)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
FLUDARA by GENZYME CORP
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Fludarabine or fludarabine phosphate is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of hematological malignancies (cancers of blood cells such as leukemias and lymphomas). It is a purine analog, which interferes with DNA synthesis. Fludarabine phosphate is a fluorinated nucleotide analog of the antiviral agent vidarabine, 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), that is relatively resistant to deamination by adenosine deaminase. Fludarabine (marketed as fludarabine phosphate under the trade name Fludara) is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Fludarabine phosphate is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. This metabolite appears to act by inhibiting DNA polymerase alpha, ribonucleotide reductase and DNA primase, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis. The mechanism of action of this antimetabolite is not completely characterized and may be multi-faceted.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2011)
Source:
ANDA201356
(2011)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
ACCUPRIL by PFIZER PHARMS
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Quinapril is the hydrochloride salt of quinapril, the ethyl ester of a non-sulfhydryl, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, quinaprilat. Quinapril hydrochloride is a white to off-white amorphous powder that is freely soluble in aqueous solvents. Quinapril is indicated for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and as adjunctive therapy in the management of heart failure. It may be used for the treatment of hypertension by itself or in combination with thiazide diuretics, and with diuretics and digoxin for heart failure.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1993)
Source:
NDA050697
(1993)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
BIAXIN by ABBVIE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Clarithromycin is an antibacterial drug which is used either in combination with lansoprazole and amoxicillin (Prevpac), in combination with omeprazole and amoxicillin (Omeclamox) or alone (Biaxin) for the treatment of broad range of infections. The drug exerts its action by binding to 23s rRNA (with nucleotides in domains II and V). The binding leads to the protein synthesis inhibition and the cell death.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2009)
Source:
ANDA079245
(2009)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
MONOPRIL by BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Fosinopril is a phosphinic acid-containing ester prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to fosinoprilat, its principle active metabolite. Fosinoprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Fosinopril may be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension, as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and to slow the rate of progression of renal disease in hypertensive individuals with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2008)
Source:
ANDA078671
(2008)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
RELAFEN by SMITHKLINE BEECHAM
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Nabumetone is a naphthylalkanone. Is is a non-selective prostaglandin G/H synthase (a.k.a. cyclooxygenase or COX) inhibitor that acts on both prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and -2). Prostaglandin G/H synthase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 is the precursor to a number of prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, swelling, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. The parent compound is a prodrug that undergoes hepatic biotransformation to the active compound, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA). The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs occur as a result of decreased prostaglandin synthesis. The parent compound is a prodrug, which undergoes hepatic biotransformation to the active component, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA), that is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, most likely through binding to the COX-2 and COX-1 receptors. Nabumetone is used for acute and chronic treatment of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Nabumetone has been developed by Beecham. It is available under numerous brand names, such as Relafen, Relifex, and Gambaran.
