U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C15H16O2
Molecular Weight 228.2863
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of NABUMETONE

SMILES

COC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C=C(CCC(C)=O)C=C2

InChI

InChIKey=BLXXJMDCKKHMKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C15H16O2/c1-11(16)3-4-12-5-6-14-10-15(17-2)8-7-13(14)9-12/h5-10H,3-4H2,1-2H3

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C15H16O2
Molecular Weight 228.2863
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.drugs.com/cdi/nabumetone.html

Nabumetone is a naphthylalkanone. Is is a non-selective prostaglandin G/H synthase (a.k.a. cyclooxygenase or COX) inhibitor that acts on both prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and -2). Prostaglandin G/H synthase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 is the precursor to a number of prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, swelling, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. The parent compound is a prodrug that undergoes hepatic biotransformation to the active compound, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA). The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs occur as a result of decreased prostaglandin synthesis. The parent compound is a prodrug, which undergoes hepatic biotransformation to the active component, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA), that is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, most likely through binding to the COX-2 and COX-1 receptors. Nabumetone is used for acute and chronic treatment of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Nabumetone has been developed by Beecham. It is available under numerous brand names, such as Relafen, Relifex, and Gambaran.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
149.0 µM [IC50]
230.0 µM [IC50]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Nabumetone

Approved Use

Nabumetone tablets are indicated for relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Launch Date

9.5921281E11
Primary
Nabumetone

Approved Use

Nabumetone tablets are indicated for relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Launch Date

9.5921281E11
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
52.3 μg/mL
1000 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: STEADY-STATE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
66.7 μg/mL
1000 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: STEADY-STATE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
21.9 μg/mL
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
33.7 μg/mL
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
13.48 ng/mL
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
NABUMETONE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1022 μg × h/mL
1000 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: STEADY-STATE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
1270 μg × h/mL
1000 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: STEADY-STATE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
1120 μg × h/mL
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
2150 μg × h/mL
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
204.98 ng × h/mL
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
NABUMETONE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
27.5 h
1000 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: STEADY-STATE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
34.2 h
1000 mg 1 times / day steady-state, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: STEADY-STATE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
26.3 h
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
38.8 h
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
16.82 h
1000 mg single, oral
dose: 1000 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
NABUMETONE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
2 g 1 times / day steady, oral (max)
Recommended
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: 9
unhealthy, adult
n = 1677
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 1677
Sources: Page: 9
Disc. AE: Diarrhea, Dyspepsia...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Diarrhea (1.3%)
Dyspepsia (0.8%)
Abdominal pain (1.1%)
Sources: Page: 9
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Dyspepsia 0.8%
Disc. AE
2 g 1 times / day steady, oral (max)
Recommended
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: 9
unhealthy, adult
n = 1677
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 1677
Sources: Page: 9
Abdominal pain 1.1%
Disc. AE
2 g 1 times / day steady, oral (max)
Recommended
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: 9
unhealthy, adult
n = 1677
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 1677
Sources: Page: 9
Diarrhea 1.3%
Disc. AE
2 g 1 times / day steady, oral (max)
Recommended
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 2 g, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: 9
unhealthy, adult
n = 1677
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 1677
Sources: Page: 9
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG



Drug as victim

Drug as victim

PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Rofecoxib: a review of its use in the management of osteoarthritis, acute pain and rheumatoid arthritis.
2001
Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with low-dose aspirin as plain and enteric-coated formulations.
2001
[Laparoscopic splenectomy in pediatric hematologic diseases].
2001 Apr
A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the safety profile, tolerability, and efficacy of rofecoxib in advanced elderly patients with osteoarthritis.
2001 Apr
Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) suppressed the proliferation and differentiation of human leukaemia cell lines.
2001 Aug
Cyclooxygenase selectivity of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs in humans: ex vivo evaluation.
2001 Aug 24
Effects of NSAIDs on cryoprobe-induced gastric ulcer healing in rats.
2001 Dec
Management of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related peptic ulcer bleeding.
2001 Jan 8
Association of immunological disorders in lethal side effect of NSAIDs on beta-glucan-administered mice.
2001 Jul
The effects of nabumetone, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on cisplatin-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine release from the isolated rat ileum.
2001 Jul-Aug
Prolonged activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases during NSAID-induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells.
2001 Jun
[Evaluation of early biomarkers of cartilage degeneration in the diagnosis and clinico-therapeutic monitoring of primary osteoarthrosis].
2001 May-Jun
2, 4-diamino-6- hydroxy pyrimidine inhibits NSAIDs induced nitrosyl-complex EPR signals and ulcer in rat jejunum.
2002 Apr 18
Drug-induced erythroderma with high fever.
2002 Feb
A comparison of the effects of nabumetone vs meloxicam on serum thromboxane B2 and platelet function in healthy volunteers.
2002 Jun
In vitro investigation of the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on contractile activity of the equine dorsal and ventral colon.
2002 Nov
Drug-induced erythroderma with high fever--is it drug hypersensitivity syndrome?
2003 Apr
An open label study to establish dosing recommendations for nabumetone in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
2003 Apr
[Nabumetone is an alternative].
2003 Apr 24
Selection of drugs to test the specificity of the Tg.AC assay by screening for induction of the gadd153 promoter in vitro.
2003 Aug
Effects of nabumetone, celecoxib, and ibuprofen on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
2003 Feb
Analysis of nabumetone in human plasma by HPLC. Application to single dose pharmacokinetic studies.
2003 Jun 1
Development of apoptosis-resistant dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell line.
2003 Jun 30
[Meta-analysis on the effect and adverse reaction on patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs].
2003 Nov
Selective COX-2 inhibition and cardiovascular effects: a review of the rofecoxib development program.
2003 Oct
Spontaneous reports of hypertension leading to hospitalisation in association with rofecoxib, celecoxib, nabumetone and oxaprozin.
2004
In vitro investigation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2alpha on contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.
2004 Feb
General principles of pharmaceutical solid polymorphism: a supramolecular perspective.
2004 Feb 23
Risk factors of adverse drug reaction from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Shanghai patients with arthropathy.
2004 Mar
Identification and determination of phase II nabumetone metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection.
2004 Mar 26
Effects of dietary anticarcinogens and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on rat gastrointestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.
2004 Mar-Apr
A population based historical cohort study of the mortality associated with nabumetone, Arthrotec, diclofenac, and naproxen.
2004 May
Efficacy and safety of rofecoxib 12.5 mg versus nabumetone 1,000 mg in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial.
2004 May
Calculation of cyclodextrin binding affinities: energy, entropy, and implications for drug design.
2004 Nov
[Reflections on COX, Vioxx and Relifex. Increased cardiovascular risk following selective COX-2 inhibition].
2004 Nov 25
Pulp-dentine complex changes and root resorption during intrusive orthodontic tooth movement in patients prescribed nabumetone.
2005 Jan
Prediction of genotoxicity of chemical compounds by statistical learning methods.
2005 Jun
Development and validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for separation and simultaneous determination of COX-2 inhibitors in pharmaceuticals and its application to biological fluids.
2005 Jun
Comparative effects of indomethacin and nabumetone on urine and electrolyte output in conscious rats.
2005 Nov
Picture of the month. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
2006 Aug
Patents

Sample Use Guides

Initial dose: 1000 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: 1500 to 2000 mg orally per day in 1 or 2 divided doses Maximum dose: 2000 mg/day
Route of Administration: Oral
Nabumetone (50 ug/ml) was found to significantly increase COX-2 at mRNA levels but directly suppress the concentration of PGE2 in culture medium of human intervertebral disc cells.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
Edited
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
Record UNII
LW0TIW155Z
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
NABUMETONE
EP   INN   JAN   MART.   MI   ORANGE BOOK   USAN   USP   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INN   USAN  
Official Name English
NABUMETONE [VANDF]
Common Name English
NABUMETONE [USP-RS]
Common Name English
BRL-14777
Code English
NABUMETONE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
NABUMETONE [JAN]
Common Name English
NABUMETONE [MART.]
Common Name English
2-BUTANONE, 4-(6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHALENYL)-
Systematic Name English
NABUMETONE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
Nabumetone [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
NABUMETONE [MI]
Common Name English
NABUMETONE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
NABUMETONE [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
RELAFEN
Brand Name English
nabumetone [INN]
Common Name English
4-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-butanone
Systematic Name English
NABUMETONE [USAN]
Common Name English
NSC-758623
Code English
Classification Tree Code System Code
WHO-ATC M01AX01
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 255207
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C54679
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
WHO-VATC QM01AX01
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
NDF-RT N0000000160
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
NDF-RT N0000175722
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C257
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
NDF-RT N0000175721
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
LIVERTOX NBK548909
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
Code System Code Type Description
SMS_ID
100000092274
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
LACTMED
Nabumetone
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
LW0TIW155Z
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
7443
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
31448
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
RS_ITEM_NUM
1449518
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C47627
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB09107MIG
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
M7698
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
DRUG BANK
DB00461
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
42924-53-8
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
MESH
C035605
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
INN
4855
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1070
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
4409
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID4045472
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
IUPHAR
7245
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
NABUMETONE
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
LW0TIW155Z
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
76252
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
758623
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
1863
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:15:39 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
BASIS OF STRENGTH->SUBSTANCE
ASSAY (HPLC)
EP
BASIS OF STRENGTH->SUBSTANCE
ASSAY (HPLC)
USP
METABOLIC ENZYME -> SUBSTRATE
BINDER->LIGAND
BINDING
Related Record Type Details
METABOLITE -> PARENT
URINE
METABOLITE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
URINE
METABOLITE ACTIVE -> PARENT
has anti-inflammatory activity in animals; more potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis than nabumetone
MAJOR
PLASMA
Related Record Type Details
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
UNSPECIFIED
EP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
UNSPECIFIED
EP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
UNSPECIFIED
EP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
UNSPECIFIED
EP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
UNSPECIFIED
EP
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY
Name Property Type Amount Referenced Substance Defining Parameters References
Biological Half-life PHARMACOKINETIC
Volume of Distribution PHARMACOKINETIC
Tmax PHARMACOKINETIC AT STEADY-STATE

ELDERLY PATIENTS

ORAL ADMINISTRATION

DOSE

Tmax PHARMACOKINETIC DOSE

ORAL ADMINISTRATION

AT STEADY-STATE

YOUNG ADULTS