Ingenol is an extremely weak PKC (protein kinase C) activator, with potent anticancer activity. Ingenol derivatives have received constant and multidisciplinary attention on account of their pleiotropic pattern of biological activity. This includes activation of PKC (protein kinase C), tumor-promotion, anticancer, and anti-HIV properties, and the possibility of dissecting co-cancerogenic and clinically useful activities has been demonstrated. Certain ingenol esters show powerful anticancer activity, and a structure-activity relationship model to discriminate between their apoptotic and non-apoptotic properties has been developed.

Ezogabine (U.S. adopted name) or retigabine (international nonproprietary name) is one of a family of aminopyrroles with anticonvulsant activity. It is used as an adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsies in treatment-experienced adult patients. The drug was approved by the European Medicines Agency under the trade name Trobalt and by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the trade name Potiga. The mechanism by which ezogabine exerts its therapeutic effects has not been fully elucidated. In vitro studies indicate that ezogabine enhances transmembrane potassium currents mediated by the KCNQ (Kv7.2 to 7.5) family of ion channels. By activating KCNQ channels, ezogabine is thought to stabilize the resting membrane potential and reduce brain excitability. This mechanism of action is unique among antiepileptic drugs, and may hold promise for the treatment of other neurologic conditions, including migraine, tinnitus and neuropathic pain. In vitro studies suggest that ezogabine may also exert therapeutic effects through augmentation of GABA-mediated currents.

Ezogabine (U.S. adopted name) or retigabine (international nonproprietary name) is one of a family of aminopyrroles with anticonvulsant activity. It is used as an adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsies in treatment-experienced adult patients. The drug was approved by the European Medicines Agency under the trade name Trobalt and by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the trade name Potiga. The mechanism by which ezogabine exerts its therapeutic effects has not been fully elucidated. In vitro studies indicate that ezogabine enhances transmembrane potassium currents mediated by the KCNQ (Kv7.2 to 7.5) family of ion channels. By activating KCNQ channels, ezogabine is thought to stabilize the resting membrane potential and reduce brain excitability. This mechanism of action is unique among antiepileptic drugs, and may hold promise for the treatment of other neurologic conditions, including migraine, tinnitus and neuropathic pain. In vitro studies suggest that ezogabine may also exert therapeutic effects through augmentation of GABA-mediated currents.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA) is a chemical used in skin peel formulations. It is more frequently used for lighter skin and is less used on darker skin because of the higher risks of scarring, as well as post-peel dyschromias. Low concentrations, 10-35% is preferred for skin peel formulations so that it only reaches the upper papillary dermis. Topical TCA is an efficacious treatment of internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Advantages of TCA for this recurrent disease process include low cost, no requirement for special equipment beyond that for high-resolution anoscopy, and painless application procedure.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA) is a chemical used in skin peel formulations. It is more frequently used for lighter skin and is less used on darker skin because of the higher risks of scarring, as well as post-peel dyschromias. Low concentrations, 10-35% is preferred for skin peel formulations so that it only reaches the upper papillary dermis. Topical TCA is an efficacious treatment of internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Advantages of TCA for this recurrent disease process include low cost, no requirement for special equipment beyond that for high-resolution anoscopy, and painless application procedure.

Doripenem is a synthetic carbapenem that has broad antibacterial potency against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Doripenem is structurally related to beta-lactam antibiotics and shares the bactericidal mode of action of other β-lactam antibiotics by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to inhibit the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Doripenem is resistant to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases and is resistant to inactivation by renal dehydropeptidases. Doripenem has many similarities to the other carbapenems, as well as some important differences, such as greater potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was found to be similar to comparator agents. The most common adverse effects related to doripenem therapy were headache, nausea, diarrhea, rash, and phlebitis.

Methyl aminolevulinate is a prodrug that is metabolised to Protoporphyrin IX (a photosensitizer) used in photodynamic therapy. Photosensitization following application of methyl aminolevulinate cream occurs through the metabolic conversion of methyl aminolevulinate (prodrug) to photoactive porphyrins (PAP), which accumulates in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. When exposed to light of appropriate wavelength and energy, the accumulated photoactive porphyrins produce a photodynamic reaction, resulting in a cytotoxic process dependent upon the simultaneous presence of oxygen. The absorption of light results in an excited state of porphyrin molecules, and subsequent spin transfer from photoactive porphyrins to molecular oxygen generates singlet oxygen, which can further react to form superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Methyl aminolevulinate is used for topical use, in combination with 570 to 670 nm wavelength red light illumination, in the treatment of non-hyperkeratotic actinic keratoses of the face and scalp in immunocompetent patients when used in conjunction with lesion preparation (debridement using a sharp dermal curette).

Gemifloxacin is an oral broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and mild-to-moderate pneumonia. Gemifloxacin mesylate is marketed under the brand name Factive, indicated for the treatment of bacterial infection caused by susceptible strains such as S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, or M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant strains [MDRSP]), M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, or K. pneumoniae. Gemifloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Grampositive microorganisms. Gemifloxacin is bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) generally within one dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Gemifloxacin acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis through the inhibition of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (TOPO IV), which are essential for bacterial growth. Streptococcus pneumoniae showing mutations in both DNA gyrase and TOPO IV (double mutants) are resistant to most fluoroquinolones. Gemifloxacin has the ability to inhibit both enzyme systems at therapeutically relevant drug levels in S. pneumoniae (dual targeting), and has MIC values that are still in the susceptible range for some of these double mutants.

Cefditoren pivoxil is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration. It is a 3rd generation cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community acquired pneumonia, infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, and pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Cefditoren is a cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. The bactericidal activity of cefditoren results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea and candida vaginitis. Co-administration of a single dose of an antacid which contained both magnesium (800 mg) and aluminum (900 mg) hydroxides or co-administration of a single dose of intravenously administered famotidine (20 mg) reduced the oral absorption of a single 400 mg dose of cefditoren pivoxil administered following a meal. Co-administration of probenecid with cefditoren pivoxil resulted in an increase in the plasma exposure of cefditoren.

Cefditoren pivoxil is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration. It is a 3rd generation cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community acquired pneumonia, infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, and pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Cefditoren is a cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. The bactericidal activity of cefditoren results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea and candida vaginitis. Co-administration of a single dose of an antacid which contained both magnesium (800 mg) and aluminum (900 mg) hydroxides or co-administration of a single dose of intravenously administered famotidine (20 mg) reduced the oral absorption of a single 400 mg dose of cefditoren pivoxil administered following a meal. Co-administration of probenecid with cefditoren pivoxil resulted in an increase in the plasma exposure of cefditoren.