(S,R)-3-Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxasole acetic acid (VGX-1027, GIT-027) is an isoxazole compound that exhibits various immunomodulatory properties. This compound reduced the secretion of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-10 from purified murine macrophages stimulated "in vitro" with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and it also modified the signaling pathways induced in these cells by LPS entailing reduced activation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAP kinase pathways along with up-regulation of ERK pathways. The animals receiving VGX-1027 exhibited reduced production of the proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and inducible nitric-oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide generation in both pancreatic islets and peripheral compartments. Inovio Pharmaceuticals is developing VGX-1027 for the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, uveitis and ulcerative colitis.

CPG-52364 is a potent antagonist of toll-like receptors TLR7, TLR8, TLR9. The drug was developed by Coley Pharmaceutical Group (later acquired by Pfizer) for the treatment of immune diseases and reached phase I of clinical trials presumably for systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the development of CPG-52364 was terminated by unknown reason.

3-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (LB-100) is an experimental cancer therapeutic with cytotoxic activity against cancer cells in culture and antitumor activity in animals. It is an intravenously administered, small-molecule, serine-threonine protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibitor, being developed by Lixte Biotechnology Holdings. LB-100 delivers an active metabolite into the cell, potently inhibiting specifically the s/t ptases PP2A. Inhibition of PP2A markedly potentiates the effectiveness of standard anti-cancer drugs and X-ray that exert their clinical benefit by damaging DNA thereby inhibiting faithful cell division. Although the growth of normal cells including those of the bone marrow, GI tract, and hair is also impaired by cytotoxic cancer treatment, cancer cells often have acquired genetic damage that permits their unrestrained growth but also reduces their ability to repair DNA damage. Inhibition of PP2A by LB-100 further impairs DNA repair to a greater extent in the cancer cell than in the normal cell providing more selective killing. LB-100 used alone has modest inhibitory activity against many cancers in model systems, but certain human cancers, possessing unique genetic changes in addition to those reducing DNA damage repair, are particularly vulnerable to inhibition of PP2A by LB-100. Among these is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), an increasingly common neoplastic disease, especially in persons aged 65 and older, characterized by failure of the bone marrow. In particular, a variant of MDS termed del(5q)MDS is missing ~50% of its PP2A activity rendering this tumor potentially vulnerable to further pharmacologic inhibition of PP2A

PBT-1033, also known as PBT-2, is a neural protective agent potentially for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's Disease. PBT-1033 is a moderate-affinity 8-hydroxyquinoline transition metal-ligand that acts as a synthetic chaperone, re distributing copper, zinc, and iron from locations where they are abundant to subcellular locations where they might be deficient. Delivery of copper and zinc by PBT-1033 into the cytoplasm deactivates the kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β and the phosphatase calcineurin, both potential targets for Huntington’s disease. In aged wild-type mice, PBT-1033 improves cognitive ability and markers of neuronal plasticity and function. In Alzheimer’s disease mouse models, PBT-1033 inhibits the accumulation of amyloid β, attenuates neuropathological effects of amyloid β, including amyloid-β-induced hyperphosphorylation of tau, and improves cognition. In a 12-week, phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 78 individuals with mild Alzheimer’s dementia, PBT-1033 was safe and well tolerated and significantly reduced concentrations of amyloid β42 in CSF.

Othera Pharmaceuticals originally developed OT-730 (now known as QLT 091568) as an oculoselective beta-blocker for reducing the elevated intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma. OT-730 was involved in phase II clinical trial in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. However, these studies were discontinued. At December 30, 2009, QLT Inc. acquired OT-730.

Bristol-Myers Squibb developed BMS-919373, a selective IKur inhibitor for use in atrial fibrillation, acute coronary syndromes, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. IKur is a repolarizing K+ current encoded by the KCNA5 gene and is expressed predominantly in the atrium of human. IKur is a potential atrial-selective target for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. BMS-919373 participated in phase II clinical trials to evaluate the effect on atrial fibrillation burden in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In addition, in phase I clinical trials for patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, further, developments have been discontinued.

KX-02 is a compound demonstrating dual inhibitory activity against Src kinase and tubulin polymerization. It readily crosses the blood-brain-barrier in mice. It is under development for the treatment of solid tumors.