Yttrium is a soft, silvery metal. Yttrium is often used as an additive in alloys. It increases the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys. It is also used in the making of microwave filters for radar and has been used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation. Yttrium-aluminium garnet (YAG) is used in lasers that can cut through metals. It is also used in white LED lights. Yttrium oxide is added to the glass used to make camera lenses to make them heat and shock resistant. It is also used to make superconductors. Yttrium oxysulfide used to be widely used to produce red phosphors for old-style colour television tubes. Radioactive isotope yttrium-90 is used in targeted tumor radiotherapy and nuclear medicine imaging of yttrium-90 radioactivity with bremsstrahlung imaging and positron emission tomography.

Fonturacetam, also known as Phenylpiracetam, is marketed in Russia as Carphedon and Phenotropil. It is one of the first ever nootropic drugs and originally discovered in Russia. Fonturacetam acts on most neurotransmitter systems and has been used for its cognitive and physical enhancing properties, and also as an antidepressant.

Cerium is a grey metal. It is little used because it tarnishes easily, reacts with water and burns when heated. Cerium is the major component of mischmetal alloy (just under 50%). The best-known use for this alloy is in ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters. This is because cerium will make sparks when struck. The only other element that does this is iron. Cerium(Ill) oxide has uses as a catalyst. It is used in the inside walls of self-cleaning ovens to prevent the build-up of cooking residues. It is also used in catalytic converters. Cerium(III) oxide nanoparticles are being studied as an additive for diesel fuel to help it burn more completely and reduce exhaust emissions. Cerium sulfide is a non-toxic compound that is a rich red color. It is used as a pigment. Cerium is also used in flat-screen TVs, low-energy light bulbs and floodlights. A cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) has a wide range of applications in different fields, especially biomedical division. As a matter of concern, it has a major impact on the human health and environment. Nanoceria was toxic towards human cancer cell lines. They can lead to the release of free radicals and oxidative stress ultimately leading to cell membrane damage and lipid peroxidation. However, ROS mediated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Finally, nanoceria can be used for several biomedical applications mostly for ROS related diseases like cardiac diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. So, the ROS scavenging nanoceria can be considered as an alternative therapy for oxidative stress and several diseases and disorders.