Valnoctamide is a valproic acid derivative associated with a decreased risk for congenital abnormalities and developed by Beersheva Mental Health Center for treatment mania. Valnoctamide has been marketed as an anxiolytic and sedative in several European countries (as Nirvanil), including Italy, Holland, and Switzerland, until the year 2000 but was not actively promoted as an anticonvulsant. It was marketed in the U.S. as Axiquel by McNeil Laboratories in the 1970s. In mice, valnoctamide has been shown to be distinctly less teratogenic than valproic acid. Injection of 3 mkmol ⁄ kg at day 8 of gestation produced only 1% exencephaly (as compared to 0–1% in control mice and 53% in valproate-treated mice). Embryolethality rates showed similar results: 52% with valproate versus 5% in the controls and 2% with valnoctamide. Valnoctamide's patent is expired, and it is not the property of any major pharmaceutical company. Valnoctamide has potential as a therapy in epilepsy including status epilepticus (SE) and neuropathic pain and is currently being developed for the treatment of mania and Schizoaffective Disorder. In clinical trials, Valnoctamide was well tolerated but lacked efficacy in the treatment of symptoms in patients with acute mania.

Bromisoval (INN; aka bromvalerylurea) is a hypnotic and sedative compound of the bromoureide group discovered by Knoll in 1907 and patented in 1909. It is marketed over the counter in Asia under various trade names (such as Brovarin) usually in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic use of bromisoval has been associated with bromine poisoning. Bromovisal can be prepared by bromination of isovaleric acid by the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction followed by reaction with urea. Bromvalerylurea (BU) can suppress expression of many kinds of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in LPS- or interferon-γ activated alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. Bromisoval was found to ameliorate sepsis in rats. It also prevents elevated serum-IL-6 level as well as IL-6 mRNA expression in septic rats. Bromisoval was also found useful for inflammatory skin disorders. The compound is able to suppress the TLR ligands-induced proinflammatory response similar to the steroid DEX without the side effects often associated with the steroid usage.

Hexapropymate, a hypnotic/sedative drug that was available without prescription in Belgium under the trade name Merinax for the treatment of insomnia. Poisoning with hexapropymate was a serious condition that required symptomatic treatment in the intensive care unit. As a result, the drug was substituted by newer agents with improved safety profiles.

Chlormethiazole has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties. This drug is approved in different counties under the different brand name (e.g., Heminevrin) and is used for the management of restlessness and agitation in the elderly, short-term treatment of severe insomnia in the elderly and treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Clomethiazole interacts with the picrotoxin/barbiturate site of the GABAA-receptor-chloride channel complex. Clomethiazole is pharmacologically distinct from both the benzodiazepines and the barbiturates. Given alone its effects on respiration are slight and the therapeutic index high.

Potassium is needed to maintain good health. When potassium level falls below 3.5 mmol/L, Hypokalemia is diagnosed. In case of extremely low level of potassium (lower than 2.5 mmol/L) the following symptoms are appeared: malaise and fatigue. This low level of potassium can lead to severe muscle weakness and paralysis; respiratory failure; intermittent muscle spasms. It is known, foods that are good sources of potassium and low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. Potassium supplementation is also recommended as an adjuvant antihypertensive agent for patients with essential hypertension.

Methaqualone is a depressant that modulates the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system. It promotes relaxation, sleepiness and sometimes a feeling of euphoria. It causes a drop in blood pressure and slows the pulse rate. These properties are the reason why it was initially thought to be a useful sedative and anxiolytic. Common side effects of Methaqualone include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fatigue, itching, rashes, sweating, dry mouth, tingling sensation in arms and legs, seizures and its depressant effects include reduced heart rate and respiration. The drug became banned in many countries and was withdrawn from many markets in the early 1980s.