Nylidrin (Buphenine, Arlidin) is a beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor. In peripheral vascular disorders, Arlidin (nylidrin HCl) increases walking ability and promotes healing of trophic ulcers. Nylidrin hydrochloride acts predominantly by beta-receptor stimulation. Beta stimulation with nylidrin has been demonstrated in a variety of isolated tissues from rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs. It has been shown to dilate arterioles in skeletal muscle and to increase cardiac output in the anesthetized dog and cat and in unanesthetized man. An increase in cerebral blood flow and a decrease in vascular resistance has also been reported. The result of this combination of actions is a greater blood supply to ischemic tissues, with usually minimal change in blood pressure. Arlidin may be of benefit in elderly patients with mild to moderate symptoms that are commonly associated with organic mental disorders. Short-term (3 months’ duration) and long-term (12 months’ duration) clinical studies have demonstrated a modest improvement in ability to perform general activities of daily living, self-care and in a capability for social interactions. The mechanism whereby nylidrin may provide relief of selected symptoms in some elderly patients with organic brain disorders is not known.

Beclamide (N-benzyl-B-chloropropionamide) is a drug that possesses anticonvulsant activity. It is no longer used. It has been used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant. Beclamide has been used in the management of both epilepsy and behavioral disorders associated with epilepsy. It was introduced into clinical practice in 1952 under the brand names Hibicon, Lederle and later it was withdrawn. This agent was shown to be effective in grand mal but not absence seizures. Early claims emphasized its safety, and it is not entirely clear why it was withdrawn from therapy for epilepsy. Interest in the drug was rekindled in the 1990s as an adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Levonordefrin acts as a topical nasal decongestant and vasoconstrictor, most often used in dentistry. It is administered in a pre-mixed solution with local anesthetics, such as mepivacaine or procaine.

Nicotinyl alcohol is a direct-acting vasolidator, that may decrease the blood pressure and it is a cholesterol-lowering agent. Nicotinyl alcohol as a tartrate salt led to the efficiency improvements in patients with intermittent claudication. In addition, nicotinyl alcohol alone or associated with other drugs was studied in the treatment of radicular syndromes; and was shown, that the effect had not been due to mechanical compression.

Tripelennamine (sold as Pyribenzamine by Novartis) is a drug that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine. Histamine acting on H1-receptors produces vasodilatation, hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia, and bronchoconstriction. Histamine also increases vascular permeability and potentiates pain. Tripelennamine can be used in the treatment of asthma, hay fever, rhinitis, and urticaria, but is now less common as newer antihistamines have replaced it.

Etafedrine, a sympathomimetic agent that acts on the sympathetic receptors of the bronchial tree relaxing spasm in a manner similar to that of ephedrine, is a bronchodilator and a selective β2-adrenoreceptor agonist. Contraction of the guinea pig tracheal chain by acetylcholine or histamine was antagonized by etafedrine with a higher potency then ephedrine but with a lower potency than epinephrine (adrenaline). Etafedrine did not increase heart rate or force of contraction in guinea pig atria. Unlike ephedrine and tyramine, etafedrine did not induce the release of noradrenaline as was demonstrated in vitro in the perfused rabbit heart and instead acted as a selective β2 adrenoreceptor agonist. Etafedrine also belongs to the family of medications called decongestants. It works by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, helping to relieve nasal stuffiness. Etafedrine has been used in pharmaceutical compositions, such as NETHAPRIN Expectorant, Nethaprin Dospan and Dalmacol, useful in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory disorders including chronic bronchitis.

Benzyl benzoate is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2O2CC6H5. It is the ester of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. It forms either a viscous liquid or solid flakes and has a weak, sweet-balsamic odor. It occurs in a number of blossoms (e. g. tuberose, hyacinth) and is a component of Balsam of Peru and Tolu balsam. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system. Benzyl benzoate is one of the older preparations used to treat scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterised by severe itching (particularly at night), red spots, and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is lethal to this mite and so is useful in the treatment of scabies. It is also used to treat lice infestation of the head and body. Benzyl benzoate is not the treatment of choice for scabies due to its irritant properties. Benzyl benzoate exerts toxic effects on the nervous system of the parasite, resulting in its death. It is also toxic to mite ova, though its exact mechanism of action is unknown. In vitro, benzyl benzoate has been found to kill the Sarcoptes mite within 5 minutes.

The most well known component of willow bark extract is salicin, it is a prodrug, which is gradually transported to the lower part of the intestine, hydrolyzed to saligenin by intestinal bacteria, and converted to salicylic acid after absorption. Salicin possesses an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Salicin suppressed the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways and thus maybe might be a potential therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases.

Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCHCPh. It is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups. It appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor. Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation. It is chiral and it exists as a pair of enantiomers: -benzoin and -benzoin. Benzoin is not a constituent of benzoin resin obtained from the benzoin tree (Styrax) or tincture of benzoin. The main component in these natural products is benzoic acid. Benzoin was first reported in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Woehler during their research on oil of bitter almond, which is benzaldehyde with traces of hydrocyanic acid. The catalytic synthesis by the benzoin condensation was improved by Nikolay Zinin during his time with Liebig.

Benzaldehyde is the simplest and possibly the most industrially useful member of the family of aromatic aldehydes. Benzaldehyde exists in nature, primarily in combined forms such as a glycoside in almond, apricot, cherry, and peach seeds. The characteristic benzaldehyde odor of oil of bitter almond occurs because of trace amounts of free benzaldehyde formed by hydrolysis of the glycoside amygdalin. Benzaldehyde is a versatile intermediate because of its reactive aldehyde hydrogen, its carbonyl group, and the benzene ring. Benzaldehyde is formed from phenylpyruvic acid, derived by the aminotransferase activity on phenylalanine, in the presence of high levels of Mn2+, and contributes to the generation of flavor compound during cheese ripening. Benzaldehyde is a synthetic flavoring substance, sanctioned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for foods. Benzaldehyde is also recognized as safe for use as a bee repellant in the harvesting of honey. Benzaldehyde's most important use is in organic synthesis, where it is the raw material utilized to produce various aldehydes. Because Benzaldehyde rapidly metabolizes to Benzoic Acid in the skin, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid were considered supportive of the safety of Benzaldehyde.