Efonidipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative for the treatment of hypertension and angina. Efonidipine exerts its antihypertensive and antianginal effects through blocking L- and T-type calcium channels.

Cilnidipine (FRC-8653) is a dihydropyridine (DHP) type of calcium channel antagonist. The L-type Ca2+ channel blockade by cilnidipine affects predominantly vascular smooth muscle, thereby producing vasodilation of peripheral resistance vessels and coronary arteries. The blockade of N-type Ca2+ channels affects predominantly peripheral nerve endings of sympathetic neurons, thereby dilating blood vessels by lowering plasma catecholamine levels. Furthermore, renoprotective and neuroprotective effects as well as cardioprotective action of cilnidipine have been demonstrated in clinical practice or animal examinations. Cilnidipine was originated by Fuji & Rebio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and developed jointly with Ajinomoto for the treatment of hypertension. Cilnidipine has been launched in Japan.

Acetarsone is a pentavalent arsenical compound with antiprotozoal and antihelmintic properties. It was first discovered in 1921 at Pasteur Institute by Ernest Fourneau, and sold under the brand name Stovarsol (fourneau is the French word for stove). Before stovarsol was used in the treatment of congenital syphilis, it had already been used in other diseases : amoebiasis, acquired syphilis, yaws, trypanosomiasis and malaria, and a formidable list of toxic manifestations can be compiled from the literature. Bender (I927) recorded six cases of poisoning with malaise, fever, cedema, jaundice, diarrhoea, albuminuria, bronchitis, coryza and skin troubles, such as diffuse erythema, dryness and pruritus. Of 232 cases of amoebiasis treated by Brown (I935) without a death, thirteen (5.6%) had toxic erythemata, some of them so severe as to amount to exfoliative dermatitis. Although its mechanism of action is not fully known, acetarsone may bind to protein-containing sulfhydryl groups located in the parasite, thereby forming lethal As-S bonds. This may prevent their functioning and eventually kill the parasite.

Pheneturide ((brand names Benuride, Deturid, Pheneturid, Septotence, Trinuride), a decarboxylation product of phenobarbital, has been shown to be an effective drug against seizures, and in particular psychomotor seizures. It has being marketed in Europe, including in Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Pheneturide is supplied in compressed tablets each containing 200 mg. of the drug. It can also be obtained in compound tablets (" trinuride ') each of which contain 200 mg. of pheneturide, 40 mg. of diphenylhydantoin, and 15 mg. of phenobarbitone. Animal experiments have shown that pheneturide protects against drug-induced and electrically induced convulsions.

Azelnidipine (INN; marketed under the brand name CalBlock) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is sold in Japan by Daiichi-Sankyo pharmaceuticals, Inc. Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist with selectivity for both L-type and T-type Ca channels. It has recently been approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with hypertension. Results from clinical trials showed that long-term treatment with azelnidipine effectively controls blood pressure (BP) in a cohort of 95 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. The antihypertensive efficacy of azelnidipine in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension was shown to be similar to that of amlodipine or nitrendipine in a randomised double-blind study. Azelnidipine and amlodipine controlled 24-hour BP to a similar extent. Azelnidipine is generally well tolerated. Vasodilator adverse events such as headache and hot facial flushes account for most of the adverse events. Its use is not associated with reflex tachycardia.

Aptiganel (CNS 1102, Cerestat), a selective ligand with antagonized properties for the ion-channel site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-channel complex, was developed as a neuroprotective agent for focal brain ischemia. However, in the clinical trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke aptiganel was not efficacious at either of the tested doses and may be harmful. That is why its further study was discontinued.

Phenothrin, also called sumithrin and d-phenothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid compound, is widely used to control agricultural and household insects, as well as to eliminate human louse infestation, but studies conducted in Paris, France and the United Kingdom have shown widespread resistance to phenothrin. Synthetic pyrethroids, including phenothrin, have a similar mode of action as organochlorines. They act on the membrane of nerve cells of insects blocking the closure of the ion gates of the sodium channel during re-polarization. This strongly disrupts the transmission of nervous impulses. At low concentrations insects suffer from hyperactivity. At high concentrations they are paralyzed and die. The EPA has not assessed its effect on cancer in humans. However, one study performed by the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine links sumithrin with breast cancer; the link made by sumithrin's effect on increasing the expression of a gene responsible for mammary tissue proliferation.

Gepefrine (Pressionorm and Wintonin) is an antihypotensive agent. It was used for therapy of orthostatic dysregulation. One hour after oral administration of 30 mg or 45 mg gepefrine the blood pressure increased significantly at rest and more markedly on standing and during the step test. Gepefrine led to a reduction in pathological orthostatic regulation during the early phase as well as to the prevention of subjective and objective signs of orthostatic adjustment disorder during the late phase. Patients with insufficient rise in blood pressure during the step test (80 watts) showed after gepefrine a distinct tendency towards normalisation and the regression of subjective states of exhaustion. Gepefrine caused on average no substantive alternations in heart rate during all phases of the investigation. Complications or side-effects due to the method or the medicament were not observed.

Ketobemidone (Cliradon, Ketogan, Ketodur, Cymidon) is a strong opioid analgesic, structurally related to pethidine, which has been in clinical use for more than 50 years. In the Scandinavian countries ketobemidone is only available in combination with a spasmolytic substance N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-I-methylallylamine (A29). Ketobemidone has been shown to be a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. In spite of a relatively low mu-receptor affinity ketobemidone has a higher analgesic potency than morphine by systemic administration. It is probably due to its higher lipophilicity and consequently more easy penetration into the CNS. Ketobemidone is indicated for the treatment of all types of severe pain, such as postoperative, cancer, kidney stones and fractures.

Norfenefrine or meta-octopamine, also known as 3,β-dihydroxyphenethylamine, is an adrenergic agent used as a sympathomimetic drug which is marketed in Europe, Japan, and Mexico. Along with its structural isomer p-octopamine and the tyramines, norfenefrine is a naturally occurring, endogenous trace amine and plays a role as a minor neurotransmitter in the brain. Norfenefrine controls blood pressure in acute hypotensive states eg pheochromocytomectomy, sympathectomy, poliomyelitis, spinal anesth, MI, septicemia, blood transfusion and drug reactions. Adjunct in treatment of cardiac arrest and hypotension.