Etifoxine (etafenoxine, StresamⓇ) is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic with an anticonvulsant effect. It was developed in the 1960s for anxiety disorders and is currently being studied for its ability to promote peripheral nerve healing and to treat chemotherapy-induced pain. In addition to being mediated by GABA-A2 receptors like benzodiazepines, etifoxine appears to produce anxiolytic effects directly by binding to 2 or 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor complex. It also modulates GABAA receptors indirectly via stimulation of neurosteroid production after etifoxine binds to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) of the outer mitochondrial membrane in the central and peripheral nervous systems, previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). Therefore, the effects of etifoxine are not completely reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Etifoxine is used for various emotional and bodily reactions followed by anxiety. It is contraindicated in situations such as shock, severely impaired liver or kidney function, and severe respiratory failure. The average dosage is 150 mg per day for no more than 12 weeks. The most common adverse effect is drowsiness at the initial stage. It does not usually cause any withdrawal syndromes. In conclusion, etifoxine shows less adverse effects of anterograde amnesia, sedation, impaired psychomotor performance, and withdrawal syndromes than those of benzodiazepines.

Mosapramine (Cremin) is used to treat chronic schizophrenia in Japan. It is a potent dopamine antagonist with high affinity to the dopamine receptor subtypes 2, 3 and 4, and with moderate affinity for the 5-HT2 receptors

Cyamemazine (Tercian), also known as cyamepromazine, is a typical antipsychotic drug of the phenothiazine class used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis-associated anxiety. Cyamemazine actually behaves like an atypical antipsychotic, due to its potent anxiolytic effects and lack of extrapyramidal side effects. Cyamemazine is used for the treatment of chronic psychotic states, anxiety, major depression.

Doxefazepam (marketed under brand name Doxans) is a benzodiazepine derivative with putative hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. The potency of action was estimated to be equivalent to diazepam in animal models, and in man, the compound proved to be CNS active in a placebo-controlled study, in which systematic modifications of the background EEG signal were detected after acute administration to awake volunteers. Doxefazepam (10 mg) reduced the number of intermediate awakenings and the shifts between distinct sleep phases; single 20- or 40-mg doses or a 2-week administration of 10 mg doxefazepam increased significantly the total sleep duration and the percent duration of phase 2 and the synchronized sleep and decreased the percent duration of phase 1 and of the intermediate awakenings.

Levosulpiride [RV 12309, L-sulpiride, levosulpride, Dislep® 25, Levopride®, Levopraid®] is a potent dopamine D2 receptor blocker that was originated by Ravizza Farmaceutici (now AbbVie). Levosulpiride is the levo enantiomer of sulpiride. The levo enantiomer shows better/similar pharmacological actions and lower incidence of toxic effects than both dextro as well as the racemic forms of the drug. Levosulpiride is marketed in Italy and South Korea, and is possibly available elsewhere in Europe and Asia. Levosulpiride does not appear to be available in North America. Levosulpiride is available as 25mg tablets, drops and in ampoules for parenteral administration. Generic versions of levosulpiride also appear to be available in some countries. Levosulpiride is primarily indicated in conditions like Anxiety, Depression, Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, Irritable bowel syndrome, Schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, dyspeptic syndrome, essential cephalgia, and can also be given in adjunctive therapy as an alternative drug of choice in Peptic ulcer, Vertigo.

Zuclopenthixol is indicated the management of the manifestations of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses with disturbances in thinking, emotional reactions and behaviour. It is also used to treat the manic phase of manic depressive illness. Zuclopenthixol, a thioxanthene derivative, has high affinity for both dopamine D1 receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. Zuclopenthixol also has high affinity for α1-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptors. Zuclopenthixol (CLOPIXOL®) is avavilable in the form of tablets and solution for intramuscular injections.

Cloxazolam is an agonist of GABA-A receptor that was developed in Japan for the treatment of anxiety-disorders. The drug was marketed in Europe under the names Sepazon, Olcadil, Akton and Lubalix.

Melperone is an antipsychotic drug which is used in Europe for the treatment of sleep disorders, agitation and confusion states. The exact mechanism of melperone action is unknown.

Loprazolam is a hypnotic drug which stimulates GABA-A receptors. Due to its hypnotic activity the drug is used to treat short-term sleep disordes.

Anxiolytic drug, Gedocarnil [SH 530, ZK 113315], was undergoing phase I clinical trials with Schering AG in Germany as a potential nootropic agent. However it`s development for the treatment of cognition disorders was discontinued.