Mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) has type-I integral membrane receptors. M6P-receptors bind and transport M6P-enzymes to lysosomes, but it can also modulate the activity of a variety of extracellular M6P-glycoproteins (i.e., latent TGFbeta precursor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, Granzyme B, growth factors, Herpes virus). M6P has been demonstrated to reduce active TGF-β1 expression on cultured tendon fibroblasts and improved range of movement in a rabbit flexor tendon injury model. Studies of M6P in relation to skin scarring demonstrate improvement in scar cosmesis and accelerated return of normal dermal architecture. Juvidex, a formulation of M6P, inhibits the activation of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2, which are present at high levels in adult wounds that scar. On the other hands, M6P in a 600 mM hypertonic solution (Adaprev) potentially acts via a physical, non-chemical, hyperosmotic effect.

Aminoquinol (XIB4035) is a nonpeptidyl small molecule agonist for GFRalpha-1. XIB4035 concentration-dependently inhibited [(125)I]GDNF binding in Neuro-2A cells with an IC(50) of 10.4 uM. GDNF induced autophosphorylation of Ret protein, and promoted neurite outgrowth in Neuro-2A cells. XIB4035, like GDNF, induced Ret autophosphorylation in the Neuro-2A cells. Moreover, XIB4035 promoted neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. These results show that XIB4035 may act as an agonist at GFRalpha-1 receptor complex, and mimic neurotrophic effects of GDNF in Neuro-2A cells. It has been shown that topical application of XIB4035 is an effective treatment for small-fiber neuropathy (SFN). Topical application of GFRα/RET receptor signaling modulators may be a unique therapy for SFN, and XIB4035 is a candidate therapeutic agent. Aminoquinol has been also used in the therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis and lambliasis.

Aminoquinol (XIB4035) is a nonpeptidyl small molecule agonist for GFRalpha-1. XIB4035 concentration-dependently inhibited [(125)I]GDNF binding in Neuro-2A cells with an IC(50) of 10.4 uM. GDNF induced autophosphorylation of Ret protein, and promoted neurite outgrowth in Neuro-2A cells. XIB4035, like GDNF, induced Ret autophosphorylation in the Neuro-2A cells. Moreover, XIB4035 promoted neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. These results show that XIB4035 may act as an agonist at GFRalpha-1 receptor complex, and mimic neurotrophic effects of GDNF in Neuro-2A cells. It has been shown that topical application of XIB4035 is an effective treatment for small-fiber neuropathy (SFN). Topical application of GFRα/RET receptor signaling modulators may be a unique therapy for SFN, and XIB4035 is a candidate therapeutic agent. Aminoquinol has been also used in the therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis and lambliasis.

Aminoquinol (XIB4035) is a nonpeptidyl small molecule agonist for GFRalpha-1. XIB4035 concentration-dependently inhibited [(125)I]GDNF binding in Neuro-2A cells with an IC(50) of 10.4 uM. GDNF induced autophosphorylation of Ret protein, and promoted neurite outgrowth in Neuro-2A cells. XIB4035, like GDNF, induced Ret autophosphorylation in the Neuro-2A cells. Moreover, XIB4035 promoted neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. These results show that XIB4035 may act as an agonist at GFRalpha-1 receptor complex, and mimic neurotrophic effects of GDNF in Neuro-2A cells. It has been shown that topical application of XIB4035 is an effective treatment for small-fiber neuropathy (SFN). Topical application of GFRα/RET receptor signaling modulators may be a unique therapy for SFN, and XIB4035 is a candidate therapeutic agent. Aminoquinol has been also used in the therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis and lambliasis.

Monophosphothiamine is thiamine derivative used for the treatment of neuritis, polyneuritis, asthenic conditions (weakness), as an additional remedy for chronic blood circulation insufficiency, chronic gastritis accompanied by motor and secretory disorders functions of the stomach. Monophosphothiamine underwent metabolic phosphorylation to active metabolite thiamine pyrophosphate, that acts as a coenzyme in the different metabolic process.

NSI-189 is a novel oral drug which was developed by Neuralstem for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Now the drug is being tested in phase II of clinical trials in patients suffering from major depressive disorder. The mechanism of NSI-189 action is explained by its ability to stimulate the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus, however the exact target molecule is still unknown.