Nitrate ion (NO3 −) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient. It is present at varying concentrations in all plants and is a part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate probably has a role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens, as nitrous oxide and acidified nitrite have antibacterial properties. Significant bacterial reduction of nitrate to nitrite does not normally take place in the stomach, except in individuals with low gastric acidity or with gastrointestinal infections. These may include individuals using antacids, particularly those that block acid secretion. Potassium nitrate is used as mild local desensitizer in toothpastes.

D&C Black #2 is the name, given by the FDA, for a highly pure form of carbon black prepared by combusting aromatic petroleum oil in the "oil furnace" process. It consists, essentially, of pure carbon. The Cosmetic, Toiletries and Fragrance Association (CTFA) petitioned the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval to use carbon black in cosmetic formulations. The FDA granted approval on August 29, 2004, and now D&C Black #2 is used in all cosmetic products: mascaras, eyeliners, brush-on-brow, eyeshadows, and lipsticks.