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Restrict the search for
dimethyl fumarate
to a specific field?
Status:
First approved in 1942
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Benzethonium chloride, also known as hyamine, is a synthetic quaternary ammonium salt. It has surfactant, antiseptic, and anti-infective properties and it is used as a topical antimicrobial agent in first aid antiseptics. It is also found in cosmetics and toiletries such as mouthwashes, anti-itch ointments, and antibacterial moist towelettes. Benzethonium chloride exhibits a broad spectrum of microbiocidal activity against bacteria, fungi, mold and viruses. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifies that the safe and effective concentrations for benzethonium chloride are 0.1-0.2% in first aid products. Aqueous solutions of benzethonium chloride are not absorbed through the skin. It is not approved in the US or Europe for use as a food additive. Being a quaternary ammonium salt, it is more toxic than negatively charged surfactants. However, in a two-year study on rats, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity. Benzethonium chloride was characterized as a novel anticancer compound possessing both in vitro and in vivo efficacy justifying further investigation.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
PERCORTEN by NOVARTIS
(1961)
Source URL:
First approved in 1939
Source:
DOCA by ORGANON USA INC
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) is a mineralocorticoid hormone and an analog of desoxycorticosterone. DOCP is a long-acting ester of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) which is recognized as having the same qualitative effects as the natural mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone. It’s used as Percorten-V for replacement therapy for the mineralocorticoid deficit in dogs with primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Percorten-V is only available in the U.S., Canada, Australia and recently, Denmark. Percorten was originally developed for the treatment of Addison's disease in humans but the demand for it decreased significantly once Florinef was available. Unaware that their product was being prescribed “off-label” for the treatment of canine Addison’s Disease and faced with a decreased demand for Percorten, the manufacturer *almost* discontinued production until the veterinary community rose up and voiced their distress. Field trials were run and the FDA approved the use of Percorten-V (the "v" is for veterinary). DOCP like other adrenocorticoid hormones is thought to act by controlling the rate of synthesis of proteins. It reacts with receptor proteins in the cytoplasm to form a steroid-receptor complex. This complex moves into the nucleus, where it binds to chromatin that result in genetic transcription of cellular DNA to messenger RNA. The steroid hormones appear to induce transcription and synthesis of specific proteins, which produce the physiologic effects seen after administration. The most important effect of DOCP is to increase the rate of renal tubular absorption of sodium. This effect is seen most intensely in the thick portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. It also increases sodium absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule but this effect is less important in sodium retention. Chloride follows the sodium out of the renal tubule. Another important effect of DOCP is enhanced renal excretion of potassium. This effect is driven by the resorption of sodium that pulls potassium from the extracellular fluid into the renal tubules, thus promoting potassium excretion.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
PREDSEM CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE by S. E. Massengill Co.
(1961)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1937
Source:
Calcium pentothate
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Pantothenic acid (known as Vitamin B5) is a water-soluble member of the B-vitamin family that is converted into 4’-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to co-enzyme A (CoA) via adenosine triphosphate. Pantothenic acid regulates epidermal barrier function and keratinocytes differentiation via CoA metabolism. Pantothenic acid is incorporated into co-enzyme A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of glutathione. A recent feasibility study has also shown that daily oral supplementation of a nutritional agent containing pantothenic acid for 8 weeks was feasible and safe. It was discovered the different pharmacological implementation of pantothenic acid, such as treatment of acne, obesity. Existed some reports, mentioned efficacy using pantothenic acid in systemic lupus erythematosus. Significant reduction in morning stiffness, degree of disability, and severity of pain was reported for persons taking pantothenic acid in case of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin B5 may increase the effects of a group of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors, which are used to treat Alzheimer's disease. That might lead to severe side effects.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
PREDSEM CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE by S. E. Massengill Co.
(1961)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1937
Source:
Calcium pentothate
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Pantothenic acid (known as Vitamin B5) is a water-soluble member of the B-vitamin family that is converted into 4’-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to co-enzyme A (CoA) via adenosine triphosphate. Pantothenic acid regulates epidermal barrier function and keratinocytes differentiation via CoA metabolism. Pantothenic acid is incorporated into co-enzyme A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of glutathione. A recent feasibility study has also shown that daily oral supplementation of a nutritional agent containing pantothenic acid for 8 weeks was feasible and safe. It was discovered the different pharmacological implementation of pantothenic acid, such as treatment of acne, obesity. Existed some reports, mentioned efficacy using pantothenic acid in systemic lupus erythematosus. Significant reduction in morning stiffness, degree of disability, and severity of pain was reported for persons taking pantothenic acid in case of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin B5 may increase the effects of a group of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors, which are used to treat Alzheimer's disease. That might lead to severe side effects.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
THEOMINAL RS THEOBROMINE by WINTHROP
(1961)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Theobromine is the primary alkaloid present in the cocoa and chocolate. Theobromine is found in the shells and beans of the cacao plant and it is extracted from the husks of the bean and used for the synthesis of caffeine. Theobromine is an adenosine A1 and A2a receptor antagonist. Thesodate is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by theobromine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, sleeplessness, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite. Theobromine is currently not in use as a medicinal drug.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Ethylmorphine is a derivative of morphine with analgesic and antitussive effect. It acts by activating the opioid receptors and thus has a direct influence on the CNS system. Ethylmorphine was approved in Europe for the treatment of dry cough (Codethyline, Dionine).
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Sparteine Sulphate U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Sparteine Sulphate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is the predominant alkaloid in Lupinus mutabilis, and is thought to chelate the bivalents calcium and magnesium. It is not FDA approved for human use as an antiarrhythmic agent. It is also used as a chiral base in organic chemistry, and as a ligand in organic chemical synthesis. Marketed under the brand name Spal in Taiwan and Sparteine in Brazil.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Sodium Cacodylate U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Sodium Cacodylate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Cacodylic acid also known as dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) has been used as a herbicide. As a part of agent blue it used to destroy broadleaf plants and trees, especially rice paddies during the Vietnam War. DMA is the major metabolite formed after exposure to tri- (arsenite) or pentavalent (arsenate) inorganic arsenic (iAs) via ingestion or inhalation in both humans and rodents. DMA induces an organ-specific lesion--single strand breaks in DNA. Mechanistic studies have suggested that this damage is due mainly to the peroxyl radical of DMA and production of active oxygen species by pulmonary tissues. Multi-organ initiation-promotion studies have demonstrated that DMA acts as a promotor of urinary bladder, kidney, liver and thyroid gland cancers in rats and as a promotor of lung tumors in mice. Thus it was shown, that DMA played a role in the carcinogenesis of inorganic arsenic.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
THEOMINAL RS THEOBROMINE by WINTHROP
(1961)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Theobromine is the primary alkaloid present in the cocoa and chocolate. Theobromine is found in the shells and beans of the cacao plant and it is extracted from the husks of the bean and used for the synthesis of caffeine. Theobromine is an adenosine A1 and A2a receptor antagonist. Thesodate is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by theobromine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, sleeplessness, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite. Theobromine is currently not in use as a medicinal drug.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
First marketed in 1911
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (EPIMERIC)
Methylatropine (methylatroponium) is a belladonna derivative. In 1902 the Bayer Company introduced atropine methonitrate, a quaternary ammonium salt of atropine (Eumydrin), as a mydriatic for dilation of the pupil during ophthalmic examination. Due to its highly polar nature it penetrates less readily into the central nervous system than atropine and was therefore introduced for relieving pyloric spasms in infants. Atropine methyl nitrate is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Atropine methyl nitrate has been used for its peripheral muscarinic effects (targeting the bladder, respiratory tract, and to block parasympathetic signaling to the heart, among others) and to separate central from peripheral nervous system effects, or to protect against peripheral side effects when using muscarinics that do cross the blood brain barrier.
