Iodoalphionic acid is the contrast medium, which was used for gallbladder examination. It is rarely appeared in the colon and, therefore, rarely masked the gallbladder. The density of the shadow produced by Iodoalphionic acid was greater than that produced by iodophthalein. It was reliable peroral cholecystographic medium, which was less objectionable to take and seldom causes vomiting. Diarrhoea occurred in some cases, but not more often than with tetraiodophenolphthalein. The ingestion of Iodoalphionic acid resulted in low thyroidal radioiodine accumulation for periods ranging from a few weeks to many months.

Ecabet is an anti-ulcer agent, marketed in Japan as an oral agent for treatment of gastric ulcers and gastritis. Ecabet eradicates Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric ulcer patients. Antibacterial effect of ecabet is demonstrated at low pH, is mediated by inhibition of bacterial urease and accompanied by interference with TLR4 signaling and pepsin inhibition. Ecabet is also investigated for the treatment of dry eye syndrome.

Piribedil is an antiparkinsonian agent which acts as D2 and D3 receptor agonist. In European countries and worldwide it is used as a monotherapy or in combination with dopatherapy for treatment of Parkinson's disease, cognitive impairment and obliterating arteriopathy.

Zaldaride is a calmodulin antagonist known to produce inhibition of calmodulin-dependent voltage-gated ion channels including those of Ca2 , Na , and K . Zaldaride was also observed to inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel currents. Zaldaride has been studied in clinical trials as a potential treatment for travelers diarrhea.

Nafamostat mesilate (NM), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nafamostat is approved and marketed in Japan. It relieves symptoms such as pain due to inflammation of the spleen. It improves visceral disorders and bleeding tendency caused by blood clotting tendency in the vessels. It prevents coagulation in the blood circuit during hemodialysis. It is usually used to improve acute symptoms of pancreatitis (acute pancreatitis, acute exacerbation phase of chronic pancreatitis, post-operative acute pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis after pancreatography, traumatic pancreatitis) and to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and clotting of perfusing blood in extracorporeal blood circuit. Nafamostat mesilate significantly inhibits the release of platelet beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) at 60 and 120 min. Nafamostat mesilate (NM) prevents any significant release of neutrophil elastase; at 120 min, plasma elastase-alpha 1-antitrypsin complex is 0.16 mg/mL in the NM group and 1.24 mg/mL in the control group. Nafamostat mesilate completely inhibits formation of complexes of C1 inhibitor with kallikrein and FXIIa.

Temocapril is a prodrug-type angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor not approved for use in the United States but is approved in Japan and South Korea. Temocapril can also be used in hemodialysis patients without risk of serious accumulation.

Aceclidine is a parasympathomimetic agent used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma as topical eye drop solution. It is as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist with weak anticholinesterase activity. Acting directly on the motor end-plate (cholinergic nerve endings) it decreases intraocular pressure and mediates the contraction of iris muscle. Aceclidine increased outflow facility in human eyes in vitro by a direct stimulation of the outflow tissues in the absence of an intact ciliary muscle. This effect was biphasic, occurring at concentrations of 10 uM and lower with no effect at higher concentrations. Passed numerous clinical trials in Russia, France, Italy and other countries and was widely used in Europe but never been in clinical use in USA.

Raclopride is a salicylamide neuroleptic, that acts as a selective antagonist of D2 dopamine receptors both in vitro and in vivo. Tritium-labelled raclopride has properties that demonstrate its usefulness as a radioligand for the labelling of dopamine-D2 receptors : 3H-Raclopride has a high affinity for the rat and human dopamine-D2 receptors, the non-specific binding of 3H-raclopride is very low, not exceeding 5% of the total binding and the distribution of the 3H-raclopride binding sites in the brain closely correlates with the dopaminergic innervation. The binding of 3H-raclopride is blocked by dopamine-D2 agonists and antagonists, while the D1 agonist SKF 38393 and the Dl antagonist SCH 23390 have much less potency. The interaction of dopamine with 3H-raclopride binding results in a shallow competition curve, which suggests that 3H-raclopride, similar to other dopamine-D2 radioligands, labels both high and low agonist affinity states of the dopamine-D2 receptor. The in vivo receptor binding studies performed with 3H-raclopride also demonstrate its favorable properties as a dopamine-D2 receptor marker in vivo In contrast to some other compounds used as radioligands, raclopride enters the brain readily and binds with a low component of non-specific binding in all dopamine-rich brain areas. A saturation curve may be achieved in vivo binding studies since injections of increasing concentrations of 3H-raclopride appears to be saturated at concentrations above 25 mkCi (corresponding to approximately 5 nmol/kg). Raclopride antagonizes apomorphine-induced hyperactivity in the rat at low doses (ED50 = 130 nM/kg i.p.) but induces catalepsy only at much higher doses (ED50 = 27 mkM/kg i.p.). Radiolabelled raclopride has been used as a ligand for in vitro and in vivo autoradiography in rat and primate brains. Raclopride C 11 is used with positron emission tomography (PET) as a clinical research tool to determine dopamine type 2 (D 2) receptor density in the human brain under normal and pathological conditions. For example, raclopride C 11 used in PET studies has served to confirm the age-related decrease in striatal dopamine D2 receptor density, which may be associated with a decline in the motor as well as cognitive functions. In patients with Alzheimer's disease, raclopride C 11 may be used to examine neuroreceptor distribution and quantities, which may help in the analysis of degenerative alterations of neuron populations and neuroreceptor systems in patients with this disease. In Huntington's disease, in which degeneration of neostriatal interneurons occurs (postsynaptic to the dopaminergic input), specific binding of raclopride C 11 to D 2 receptors may serve as one of the parameters in predicting performance in cognitive tasks.

Tilorone (trade names Amixin, Lavomax and others) is the first recognized synthetic, small molecular weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer. Tilorone induces the formation of interferons (alpha, beta, gamma) by intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, T-lymphocytes, and granulocytes. After ingestion, the maximum production of interferon is determined in the sequence of the intestine - liver - blood after 4-24 hours. Activates the stem cells of the bone marrow, stimulates humoral immunity, increases the production of IgM, IgA, IgG, affects the antibody formation, reduces the degree of immunosuppression, restores the ratio of T-helperers / T-suppressors. The mechanism of antiviral action is associated with the inhibition of translation of virus-specific proteins in infected cells, thereby suppressing the replication of the virus. Effective against influenza viruses and viruses that cause ARVI, hepato- and herpesviruses, incl. CMV and others. The mechanism of antiviral action is associated with the inhibition of translation of virus-specific proteins in infected cells, thereby suppressing the replication of the virus.

Gabexate is a synthetic protease inhibitor, was shown to be effective in treating patients with sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation in which tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a critical role. Gabexate mesylate is a drug marketed only in Italy and Japan and it is considered an essential drug in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Gabexate is marketed under the brand name REMINARON among others in Japan. It relieves inflammatory symptoms in the pancreas by inhibiting various enzymes. It also improves organ disorders and bleeding tendency caused by blood clots in blood vessels by inhibiting blood coagulation. It is usually used to treat acute pancreatitis with deviation of proteolytic enzymes (such as trypsin, kallikrein and plasmin), acute exacerbation of chronic recurrent pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis after surgery and disseminated intravascular coagulation.