Talniflumate, a prodrug of niflumic acid, is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Talniflumate was synthesized by the esterification of a carboxyl group of niflumic acid with the phthalidyl moiety, and it exerts activity in the body through conversion to niflumic acid. Talniflumate has been studied as a mucoregulator for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. However, development of these indications appears to have been discontinued. Talniflumate has been approved and marketed for almost 20 years in Argentina and selected other countries (excluding the United States, Europe, and Japan).

Isoxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with long half-life. The major oxidative excretion product of isoxicam is the hydroxymethlyisoxazole metabolite, minor metabolites are open-ring sulfonamide and N-methylsaccharin. Isoxicam Is effective and well tolerated in all the major rheumatic diseases.

Indobufen inhibits platelet aggregation by reversibly inhibiting the platelet cyclooxygenase enzyme thereby suppressing thromboxane synthesis. Indobufen under brand name ibustrin is used in Italy for the following conditions: cerebrovascular insufficiency, atherosclerosis of peripheral and cerebral vessels, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, and diabetes mellitus. In addition, this drug has been investigated in the phase II clinical trial for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. After oral administration, it is quickly and completely absorbed.

Morniflumate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and represent as a beta-morpholinoethyl ester of niflumic acid, which is rapidly hydrolyzed in the plasma, releasing the free acidic form, the molecule responsible for the pharmacological effects. It was shown, that morniflumate was effective in the treatment of chronic recurring bronchitis and inhibited cyclooxygenase-1, 2 (COX-1, 2). Morniflumate has a 30-year history of clinical use, particularly for the treatment of pain associated with pediatric ear-nose-throat (ENT) infection. In addition, it appears to be a valid and well-tolerated alternative to other NSAIDs, or to antibiotics, for the treatment of pain and other symptoms of soft tissue inflammation.

Ampiroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities; it inhibits COX-1 and COX-2. Ampiroxicam is a prodrug of piroxicam that does not inhibit prostaglandin synthesis itself. In animal models of inflammation, ampiroxicam decreases paw edema. Ampiroxicam has been synthesised to reduce piroxicam-related gastrointestinal irritation.

Fenclofenac (Flenac) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug previously used in rheumatism. Fenclofenac was shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic properties. Flenac is an acetic acid nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Flenac is used to treat pain, dysmenorrhea, ocular inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and actinic keratosis. It has mild immunosuppressive effects and may displace thyroid hormone from its binding protein. The antiinflammatory effects of Flenac are believed to be due to inhibition of both leukocyte migration and the enzyme cylooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), leading to the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. As prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors, inhibition of their synthesis is responsible for the analgesic effects of Flenac. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat dissipation. Fenclofenac, despite passing animal toxicity tests in 10 animal species (mice, rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs, horses, and monkeys), produced severe liver toxicity in humans. Due to its side effects it was withdrawn from the UK in 1984.

Tiaprofenic acid is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic compound, which nonselectively inhibits cyclooxygenase protein. Tiaprofenic acid was approved in Europe for the symptomatic relief of arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and other inflammatory-rheumatic disorders as well as the painful conditions after injury.

Indoprofen is one of several NSAIDs that have been withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. The UK Licensing Authority suspended the product license on grounds of safety in 1983 and in 1984 the Italian manufacturers decided to withdraw it from the world market. The UK decision was taken because there was a high rate of adverse drug reactions in a voluntary postmarketing surveillance study and the spontaneous adverse reaction reporting system had noted 217 serious adverse effects, mainly gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation.

Tenoxicam (Mobiflex), an anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties, is used to treat osteoarthritis and control acute pain. The anti-inflammatory effects of tenoxicam may result from the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase and the subsequent peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. As prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors, their inhibition accounts for the peripheral analgesic effects of tenoxicam. Antipyresis may occur by central action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat loss. Taking tenoxicam with other drugs can increase the chance of side effects or alter the therapeutic effect of tenoxicam or the other drug, depending on the combination. Drug types the tenoxicam may interact with include: other analgesic NSAIDs, salicylates such as aspirin, antacids, anticoagulants, cardiac glycosides, ciclosporin, quinolone antibiotics, lithium therapy, diuretics and anti-hypertensives, methotrexate, oral anti-diabetics, cholestyramine, dextromethorphan, mifepristone, corticosteroids, anti-platelet agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tacrolimus, zidovudine, and gold/penicillamine. Tenoxicam is available as a prescription-only drug in the United Kingdom and other countries, but not in the US. Outside of the United Kingdom, tenoxicam is also marketed under brand names including Tilatil, Tilcitin, and Alganex. Tenoxicam belongs to the class of NSAIDs known as oxicams. It is used to relieve inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis (a type of arthritis involving the spine), tendinitis (inflammation of a tendon), bursitis (inflammation of a bursa, a fluid-filled sac located around joints and near the bones), and peri-arthritis of the shoulders or hips (inflammation of tissues surrounding these joints).

Ketorolac is a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity and has been shown to decrease opioid requirements in post-operative patients. It does not affect consciousness or respiration but does have effects on gastric mucosa, renal perfusion, and platelet function. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution is sold under brand name acular LS and is indicated for the reduction of ocular pain and burning/stinging following corneal refractive surgery. Ketorolac tromethamine is a racemic mixture of [-]S- and [ ]R-enantiomeric forms, with the S-form having analgesic activity. Its antiinflammatory effects are believed to be due to inhibition of both cylooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which leads to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis leading to decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. The resultant reduction in prostaglandin synthesis and activity may be at least partially responsible for many of the adverse, as well as the therapeutic, effects of these medication. Analgesia is probably produced via a peripheral action in which blockade of pain impulse generation results from decreased prostaglandin activity.