Ebselen is a small molecule mimic and inducer of glutathione peroxidase activity and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This drug has been investigated in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of Meniere's disease, bipolar disorder and in the prevention of hearing loss. Besides, experiments on mice have shown that ZIKV infection could be on the list for potential use of ebselen. It alleviates testicular pathology in mice with Zika virus infection and prevents its sexual transmission. Ebselen has various mechanisms of action. It binds to the N-terminal domain of soluble epoxide hydrolase and chemically reacts with the enzyme to quickly and irreversibly inhibit one of the enzymes' activity: phosphatase (Nterm-phos). Besides, ebselen inhibits inositol monophosphatase and thus exhibits lithium-like on human central nervous system (CNS) function. In addition, ebselen inhibits the G4 isoform of acetylcholinesterase. It is a well-known relationship between the cholinergic system and learning, memory and other common cognitive processes, thus ebselen can be studied for the treatment of memory impairment diseases.

Conessine is a plant steroid alkaloid that acts as a potent and specific antagonist of histamine H3 receptors. Conessine displayed high affinity at both rat and human H3 receptors (pKi = 7.61 and 8.27) and generally high selectivity against other sites, including histamine receptors H1, H2, and H4. Conessine was found to efficiently penetrate the CNS and reach very high brain concentrations. Although the very slow CNS clearance and strong binding to adrenergic receptors discouraged focus on conessine itself for further development, its potency and novel steroid-based skeleton motivated further chemical investigation. Modification based on introducing diversity at the 3-nitrogen position generated a new series of H3 antagonists with higher in vitro potency, improved target selectivity, and more favorable drug-like properties. Conessine also has high affinity for the adrenergic receptors. Conessine has being shown to possess anti-malarial activity. In India conessine finds therapeutic use for treatment of dysentery and helminthic disorders.

Trimedoxime is the only one of the major bispyridinium oxime with a propylene linked between the two pyridinium rings. Trimedoxime is an oxime cholinesterase (AChE) reactivator. It was shown that trimedoxime is a more potent reactivator of the DFP-inhibited AChE than pralidoxime and a better reactivator than obidoxime in the case of the tabun-inhibited enzyme. It can be used parenterally as an antidote adjunct to atropine in treating human or animal (organophosphate group) anticholinesterase pesticide toxicity. Trimedoxime was the first oxime that was efficient in the treatment of animals intoxicated with tabun. It could also protect animals poisoned with sarin or VX, but not the ones intoxicated with soman.

Solasodine is an aglycone of solamargine and solasonine, which are the major solasodine glycosides present in numerous species of the solanaceae family including potato, tomato or garden egg plant etc. In Phase II clinical trial was shown that solasodine glycosides exhibit anticancer activity against skin cancer. The effects of aglycone solasodine on cancer cells have also been investigated. Solasodine inhibits the growth of human colon and liver cancer cell. In addition, solasodine effectively inhibits proliferation of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells and inhibits invasion of human lung cancer cells. Solasodine possesses CNS activities such as antipyretic, anticonvulsant and memory enhancing effects. Also, solasodine has been found to possess diuretic, antifungal, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-spermatogenetic and antiandrogenic effects.

Eptastigmine or heptylphysostigmine is a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Eptastigmine leads to an improvement in the cerebral blood flow in the ischemic brain, excitatory and inhibitory effects on the gastrointestinal tract and to a protection from acute soman and diisopropylfluorophosphate intoxication. Eptastigmine, by either acute or chronic administration, has been found to have memory enhancing effects in different species of normal, aged and lesioned animals. It also restored to normal the age-related increase of EEG power without affecting spontaneous motor activity. Eptastigmine produces significant cognitive, clinical, and functional benefits in patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease. Although the cholinergic tolerability of eptastigmine was found to be favorable, its potential adverse hematologic effects limit its clinical utility.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a crystalline organophosphate insecticide. It was introduced in 1965 by Dow Chemical Company and is known by many trade names (see table), including Dursban and Lorsban. It acts on the nervous system of insects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate, with potential for both acute toxicity at larger amounts and neurological effects in fetuses and children even at very small amounts. For acute effects, the EPA classifies chlorpyrifos as Class II: moderately toxic. CPF is a strongly genotoxic agent that induces DNA damage and cell apoptosis.

Methanesulfonyl fluoride (SNX 001), a very long-acting CNS-selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, was studied as a palliative treatment for senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. This drug successfully completed phase I clinical trials where it showed effectively enhance memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, it appears that further studies were discontinued.

Dimpylate (diazinon) is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide, an inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions. This results in abnormal accumulation of ACh in the nervous system. Dimpylate was first registered for use in the USA in 1956. It was developed as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematicide for use on a variety of pests for control of soil insects and pests of fruit, vegetables, and forage and field crops. It had been used extensively in home and garden applications, in formulations designed to prevent such pests as crickets or cockroaches from infesting homes or offices, and in pet collars. Due to the emerging health and ecological risks posed by diazinon, manufacturers agreed to phase out and cancel all residential products. Manufacturing of indoor use products containing dimpylatewas discontinued in 2001; manufacture of non-agricultural outdoor use products containing dimpylate was discontinued in 2003.

Boldine, an aporphine alkaloid, found abundantly in the leaves/bark of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) widely consumed in the folk medicine of some regions. Boldine possesses various pharmacological properties including, anticancer activity. It exhibits a significant improvement of learning and memory through inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity and alleviation of brain oxidative stress, which was shown on animal models. Boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of leishmaniosis. In addition, it suppresses osteoclastogenesis, improves bone destruction and may be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Besides, was shown, that boldine inhibits telomerase in cells treated with sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Telomerase inhibition occurs via down-regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of the enzyme.