There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

Keracyanin (antirrhinin) is the pigment originally isolated from the fruit of the cherry. The compound exerts potent antioxidant properties. It is able to inhibit host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. Dietary supplementation with purified keracyanin suppresses body weight gain in high-fat diet fed mice.

There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

There is no information about pharmacological and biological application of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, inhalation of this substance is a toxic for mammalian and repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.

Palmitoleic acid, commonly known as omega-7, is a rare monounsatured fatty acid, which was generally reported to benefit the skin in promoting epithelialisation, and certain gynaecological problems (vaginal mycoses). Until now, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a shrub widely found in Europe and Asia, and macadamia nuts have been the principal sources. Palmitoleic acid (PMA) has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Palmitoleic acid is a gap junction uncoupler.

Since its first isolation in 1844, usnic acid has become the most extensively studied lichen metabolite and one of the few that are commercially available. Lichens belonging to usnic acid-containing genera have been used as crude drugs throughout the world. There are indications of usnic acid being a potentially interesting candidate for such activities as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, larvicidal and UV protection. However, some studies reported the liver toxicity and contact allergy. Usnic acid reduced the production of Junin virus in infected Vero cells in a dependent dose manner, and 50% inhibition was obtained at an effective concentration (EC50) of 9.9 µM. Regarding the TCRV arenavirus, the effective concentration was 20.6 uM. The selectivity indexes (CC50/EC50) of usnic acid for JUNV and TCRV arenavirus were 6.8 and 3.2, respectively, indicating a specific antiviral activity against these viruses and not just a general consequence of its action on cellular toxicity.

L-acetylcarnitine or acet-L-carnitine, a compound, naturally produced by the body, is necessary for fatty-acid metabolism and energy production. It is often taken as a dietary supplement. The mechanisms of action of acetylcarnitine have not been fully elucidated, but it seems that the main role of acetylcarnitine is to donate an acetyl group during fatty acid metabolism to help transport fatty acids, such as acetyl CoA, into the mitochondrial matrix where fatty acid metabolism occurs. L-acetylcarnitine is an investigational drug, which is approved in some countries, for example in Italy for diabetic neuropathy. Phase IV of clinical trials have revealed, that it also effective agent to treat the Alzheimer's disease. In contrary, the efficacy of L-acetylcarnitine as a prophylaxis in migraine patients did not provide evidence of benefit for efficacy. Besides, Acetyl-L-carnitine was in clinical trial Phase III to investigate its efficacy in the treatment of peripheral sensory neuropathy that anti-cancer chemotherapeutics induce. Recently published article unexpectedly discovered that this drug increased chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in a randomized trial.