Prochlorperazine is a piperazine phenothiazine antipsychotic which block postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic receptors in the brain and has antiemetic effects by its antagonist actions in the D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also exhibits alpha-adrenergic blocking effect on α1 receptros and may depress the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones. Prochlorperazine is used for the control of severe nausea and vomiting, for the treatment of schizophrenia. Prochlorperazine is effective for the short-term treatment of generalized non-psychotic anxiety. Prochlorperazine may be an effective treatment of acute headaches and refractory chronic daily headache.

Methylphenidate is a CNS stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The drug is believed to bind the dopamine transporter in the presynaptic cell membrane, thereby blocking the reuptake of dopamine and causing an increase in extracellular dopamine levels.

Methylphenidate is a CNS stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The drug is believed to bind the dopamine transporter in the presynaptic cell membrane, thereby blocking the reuptake of dopamine and causing an increase in extracellular dopamine levels.

Oxybuprocaine (benoxinate) hydrochloride (MINIMS®) is a local, surface anaesthetic of the ester type. It has been shown to give effective surface anaesthesia in short opthalmological procedures. Sensation of pain is locally and reversibly reduced, with the possibility of temperature and pressure sensitivity also affected. Anaesthetic activity is ten times that of cocaine and twice that of tetracaine (amethocaine). Oxybuprocaine (benoxinate) binds to sodium channel and reversibly stabilizes the neuronal membrane which decreases its permeability to sodium ions. Depolarization of the neuronal membrane is inhibited thereby blocking the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses.

Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is available as its hydrochloride salt in ophthalmic solutions at a concentration of 0.5%. Proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is indicated for procedures in which a topical ophthalmic anesthetic is indicated: corneal anesthesia of short duration, e.g. tonometry, gonioscopy, removal of corneal foreign bodies, and for short corneal and conjunctival procedures. Proparacaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action. More specifically, proparacaine appears to bind or antagonize the function of voltage gated sodium channels. The exact mechanism whereby proparacaine and other local anesthetics influence the permeability of the cell membrane is unknown; however, several studies indicate that local anesthetics may limit sodium ion permeability through the lipid layer of the nerve cell membrane. Proparacaine may alter epithelial sodium channels through interaction with channel protein residues. This limitation prevents the fundamental change necessary for the generation of the action potential.

Procainamide is a derivative of procaine with less CNS action. Procainamide hydrochloride injection is indicated for the treatment of documented ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, that, in the judgement of the physician, are life threatening. Because of the proarrhythmic effects of procainamide, its use with lesser arrhythmias is generally not recommended. Treatment of patients with asymptomatic ventricular premature contractions should be avoided. Procainamide (PA) increases the effective refractory period of the atria, and to a lesser extent the bundle of His-Purkinje system and ventricles of the heart. It reduces impulse conduction velocity in the atria, His-Purkinje fibers, and ventricular muscle, but has variable effects on the atrioventricular (A-V) node, a direct slowing action and a weaker vagolytic effect, which may speed A-V conduction slightly. Myocardial excitability is reduced in the atria, Purkinje fibers, papillary muscles, and ventricles by an increase in the threshold for excitation, combined with inhibition of ectopic pacemaker activity by retardation of the slow phase of diastolic depolarization, thus decreasing automaticity especially in ectopic sites. Contractility of the undamaged heart is usually not affected by therapeutic concentrations, although slight reduction of cardiac output may occur, and may be significant in the presence of myocardial damage. Therapeutic levels of PA may exert vagolytic effects and produce slight acceleration of heart rate, while high or toxic concentrations may prolong A-V conduction time or induce A-V block, or even cause abnormal automaticity and spontaneous firing by unknown mechanisms. Procainamide is sodium channel blocker. It stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action.

A sulfide ion is composed of a lone sulfur atom. Its charge is negative two, giving sulfides this formula: S^2-. Sulfide is a strong base, so solutions of sulfide in water are basic, due to hydrolysis. One well-known ionic compound with a sulfide ion is H_2S. The infamous rotten-egg smell often associated with sulfur originates from this compound. Sodium sulfide nonahydrate is used in the formation of surface functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots.

A sulfide ion is composed of a lone sulfur atom. Its charge is negative two, giving sulfides this formula: S^2-. Sulfide is a strong base, so solutions of sulfide in water are basic, due to hydrolysis. One well-known ionic compound with a sulfide ion is H_2S. The infamous rotten-egg smell often associated with sulfur originates from this compound. Sodium sulfide nonahydrate is used in the formation of surface functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots.

A sulfide ion is composed of a lone sulfur atom. Its charge is negative two, giving sulfides this formula: S^2-. Sulfide is a strong base, so solutions of sulfide in water are basic, due to hydrolysis. One well-known ionic compound with a sulfide ion is H_2S. The infamous rotten-egg smell often associated with sulfur originates from this compound. Sodium sulfide nonahydrate is used in the formation of surface functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots.

A sulfide ion is composed of a lone sulfur atom. Its charge is negative two, giving sulfides this formula: S^2-. Sulfide is a strong base, so solutions of sulfide in water are basic, due to hydrolysis. One well-known ionic compound with a sulfide ion is H_2S. The infamous rotten-egg smell often associated with sulfur originates from this compound. Sodium sulfide nonahydrate is used in the formation of surface functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots.