OCTOXYNOL-1 is a nonionic surfactant that has a hydrophilic ethylene oxide chain and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl group. OCTOXYNOL-1 is insoluble in water and soluble in common polar organic solvents. OCTOXYNOL-1 are being used in cosmetic products. Concentration of use data received from the cosmetics industry in 1999 and updated in 2001 indicate that the Octoxynols (their salts and organic acids included) are used in cosmetics at concentrations ranging from 0.0008% to 25%, and that most of the use concentrations are less than 5.0%. OCTOXYNOL-1 is a common environmental pollutant that displays weak estrogenic effects. OCTOXYNOL-1 has been shown to cause harm to the male reproductive system of vertebrates in particular among aquatic species where gonadal intersex, altered sex ratios, and reduced gonad size has been observed.

Morantel (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)ethenyl pyrimidine) is a tetrahydro-pyrimidine anthelmintic, differing from the related analogue pyrantel by the presence of a methyl group on the thiophene ring. Morantel tartrate, manufactured by Pfizer, Inc., was approved in the United States for use in cattle in 1981, and entered the market in early 1982. Three formulations have been approved in the United States: RUMATEL® Medicated Premix-88; RUMATEL Cattle Wormer Bolus, and PARATECT FLEX™ Diffuser, a sustained release bolus. It is intended to treat roundworms and tapeworms. Morantel is administered in lactating and non lactating cattle as morantel tartrate as a slow-release bolus (11.8 g morantel base per animal) or as a single oral dose of 6 to 7.5 mg morantel base/kg bw and in pigs at a single dose equivalent to 7.5 mg base/kg bw. In sheep, the citrate salt is administered at a single dose equivalent to 5 to 6 mg morantel base/kg bw. Morantel acts as a potent agonist at the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells of nematodes. Activation of the acetylcholine receptors induces a prolonged, spastic paralysis of the worms and expulsion from the host. It also been reported to block neurotransmission in vertebrates, to possess nicotine-like properties and to mimic acetylcholine at receptors in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medullae and respiratory tissues. Morantel and its salts are not used in human medicines.

Deslorelin is an GnRH agonist used in veterinary. It effects contraception by temporarily suppressing the reproductive endocrine system and preventing production of pituitary (FSH and LH) and gonadal hormones (estradiol and progesterone in females and testosterone in males). The observed effects are similar to those following ovariectomy or castration, but are reversed after the hormone content of the implant is depleted or the implant is removed. As an agonist, deslorelin first stimulates the reproductive system, which can result in estrus and ovulation in females or temporary enhancement of testosterone and semen production in males. Then, down-regulation follows the initial period of stimulation. Although deslorelin can also be an effective contraceptive in males of some species, manufacturer recommends its use primarily in females, since monitoring efficacy in females by suppression of estrous behavior or of gonadal steroids in feces is more straightforward than ensuring continued absence of sperm in males, since most institutions cannot perform regular semen collections. It can, however, be used to ameliorate aggression in males of some species, but higher dosages are usually needed. While the major application of deslorelin was initially male contraception, due to its two differing actions, either the stimulation of oestrus or the sterilization of fertility, its use has been increasing in the bitch as well. SUPRELORIN® F (deslorelin acetate) Implant is a once-yearly, subcutaneous implant that assists in the management of adrenal disease in ferrets.

Ornithine is an amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. It is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. Ornithine is also a precursor of citrulline and arginine. Arginine stimulates the pituitary release of growth hormone. Burns or other injuries affect the state of arginine in tissues throughout the body. As de novo synthesis of arginine during these conditions is usually not sufficient for normal immune function, nor for normal protein synthesis, ornithine may have immunomodulatory and wound-healing activities under these conditions (by virtue of its metabolism to arginine).

(-)-Limonene is found in mint oils and has a piney, turpentine-like odor. (-)-Limonene has an antioxidant effect and it cause rat myometrial contraction through activation of the A2A receptor and opening of the voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel. It is a natural larvicidal agents against A. aegypti. (-)-Limonene induced accumulation of protein droplets containing alpha 2 mu-globulin in proximal tubular epithelial cells in male rats, inducing nephropathy.

Diosmetin is the aglycone of the flavonoid glycoside diosmin, which occurs naturally in citrus fruits. Diosmetin is found in the legume Acacia farnesiana Wild and Olea europaea L. leaves. Diosmin is hydrolyzed to its aglycone diosmetin by intestinal microflora enzymes before its absorption into the body. Pharmacologically, diosmetin is reported to exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, oestrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Diosmetin increased inhibitory GSK-3beta phosphorylation, while selectively reducing gamma-secretase activity, Abetta generation, tau hyperphosphorylation and pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in vitro, without altering Notch processing. Therefore, diosmetin could be considered as potential candidate for novel anti- Alzheimer's disease therapy. Diosmetin is ER-beta agonist and potential novel drug for the acute myeloid leukemia treatment.

Farnesol, (2E,6E)- is an isoprenoid found in many aromatic plants and is also produced in humans, where it acts on numerous nuclear receptors and has received considerable attention due to its apparent anticancer properties. Farnesol is present in many essential oils such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam, and tolu. It is used in perfumery to emphasize the odors of sweet floral perfumes. Its method of action for enhancing perfume scent is as a co-solvent that regulates the volatility of the odorants. It is especially used in lilac perfumes. Farnesol is a natural pesticide for mites and is a pheromone for several other insects. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, farnesol was listed as one of 599 additives to cigarettes. Farnesol has been suggested to function as a chemopreventative and anti-tumor agent. Farnesol is subject to restrictions on its use in perfumery as some people may become sensitized to it, however, the evidence that farnesol can cause an allergic reaction in humans is disputed.

2,5-Dimethyl-N-Phenyl-3H-diazaphophol-4-imine is a quinonoid tautomer of GABAA and GABAB agonist progabide. According to quantum mechanical calculations, a quinonoid form is predominant in polar solvents, while aromatic tautomer is prevalent in apolar solvents. Progabide is a prodrug of gamma-aminobutyric acid and was investigated for the treatment of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorder, and other diseases. Progabide was marketed in France by Sanofi Aventis under tradename Gabrene for use in monotherapy and also as adjunctive therapy for generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, partial seizures, and for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, in both children and adults.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Adenosine triphosphate is the energy source in living cells. In physiological conditions, the average concentration varies from 3150 mM in mammalian cells to 1500–1900 mM in human blood cells. Extracellular adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are involved in biological processes including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, cardiac function, platelet function, vasodilatation, signal transduction and secretion in a variety of cell types. A large family of membrane-bound receptors mediates cell signalling by ATP and adenosine. These purinergic receptors ultimately determine the variety of effects induced by extracellular ATP and adenosine. ATP and adenosine have strong negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects on the mammalian heart. The sensitivity of the sinus node and the atrioventricular node to ATP and adenosine manifests pronounced variability among species. For more than three decades, ATP has been used routinely in Europe in the acute therapy of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. ATPace™, an injectable formulation of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), was developed by Cordex Pharma, Inc. (Cordex) as a diagnostic and therapeutic drug for the management of cardiac bradyarrhythmias. Extracellular ATP exerts multiple effects in various cell types by activating cell-surface receptors known as P2 receptors. In the heart, ATP suppresses the automaticity of cardiac pacemakers and atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction via adenosine, the product of its degradation by ecto-enzymes, as well as by triggering a cardio-cardiac vagal reflex. ATP, given as a rapid intravenous bolus injection, has been used since the late 1940s as a highly effective and safe therapeutic agent for the acute termination of reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) involving the AV node. In addition, preliminary studies have shown that ATP can also be used as a diagnostic agent for the identification of several cardiac disorders including sinus node dysfunction (sick sinus syndrome), dual AV nodal pathways, long QT syndrome, and bradycardic syncope. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved Cordex formulation for ATP as an Investigational New Drug and two pathways for its marketing approval; one therapeutic, i.e., acute termination of paroxysmal PSVT, and the other diagnostic, i.e., the identification of patients with bradycardic syncope who can benefit from pacemaker therapy. However later ATPace development for the treatment of bradycardia and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was discontinued.

Ractopamine is a feed additive to promote leanness in animals raised for their meat. Pharmacologically, it is a TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Ractopamine is known to increase the rate of weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and increase carcass leanness in finishing swine. Its use in finishing swine yields about three kilograms of additional lean pork and improves feed efficiency by 10%. Ractopamine is the active ingredient in products known as Paylean for swine and Optaflexx for cattle, developed by Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly and Company, for use in food animals for growth promotion. Ractopamine use has been banned in most countries, including the European Union, mainland China and Russia while 27 other countries, such as Japan, the United States, Canada, and South Korea, have deemed meat from livestock fed ractopamine safe for human consumption. Ractopamine is safe for finishing pigs heavier than 240 lb (110 kg) when administered in the diet at concentrations up to 10 ppm and fed for up to 35 days.