Astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) is extracted from many traditional herbs and medicinal plants. Astragalin extracted from persimmon and Rosa agrestis leaves has anti-atopic dermatitis and antioxidant activity. Several biological functions of astragalin have been studied, including inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production and angiotensin converting enzyme activity. It has been reported that astragalin has the inhibitory effect on NO and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in Raw 264.7 cells. Astragalin is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory activity. It may be a promising cancer therapeutic drug and it has the potential of preventing atherosclerosis formation.

Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) acts on serotonin receptors 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C and functions as a full agonist at all sites except the 5-HT2A receptor, where it acts as a weak partial agonist or antagonist. In addition, TFMPP binds to the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter, SERT and evokes the release of serotonin. Besides was shown, that the N-Benzylpiperazine/TFMPP combination produced effects, which crudely mimic those of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy. The neurophysiological effects of TFMPP in humans was also studied and was shown that TFMPP may affect transmitter systems involved in speeding of interhemispheric communication in the male brain.

Patchouli alcohol is a sesquiterpene with tricyclic structure and has been extracted from the whole plant of traditional Chinese medicine Guang-huo-xiang, which is also called Pogostemon cablin(Blanco) Benth. Patchouli alcohol is the nominal ingredient which standing for the typical aromatic odor and also used as the chemical reference for the quality control of P. cablin in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Patchouli alcohol has exhibited various pharmacological activities, such as protecting against the neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid peptide fragment 25–35 (Aβ25–35), enhancing cognition in memory impairment mice induced by scopolamine, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and rats models, anti-influenza virus activities in vitro and in vivo. However, Patchouli alcohol easily evaporates even at room temperature due to its volatile nature, which can cause the bioactivity decrease in the processing and storage. In addition, the development of Patchouli alcohol as medicine is greatly limited due to its low water solubility and poor bioavailability. Patchoulol is also used in the synthesis of the chemotherapy drug Taxol.

Histidine methyl ester is L-Histidine derivative that used in organic synthesis. L-Histidine methyl ester dihydrochloride is used to prepare optically pure L-(+)-ergothioneine.

Malvidin is a polyphenolic anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are flavonoids widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. Malvidin exhibits antiproliferative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. It is able to inhibit cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5. Malvidin exhibited bimodal activities serving as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate at low concentrations and, at higher concentrations, as BCRP inhibitor.

Sinapic acid is one of the most common hydroxycinnamic acids and is widespread in the plant kingdom. It has been identified in various fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, oilseed crops, some spices, and medicinal plants. Sinapic acid and its derivatives possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-anxiety activities.

Myosmine (3-(1-pyrrolin-2-yl)pyridine) is a minor tobacco alkaloid widely occurring in food products of plant and animal origin. Myosmine expresses significant genotoxic effects in human target cells of carcinogenesis. After nitrosation and/or peroxidation, myosmine gives rise to reactive pyridyloxobutylating species which are capable of forming pyridyloxobutylated DNA adducts.

Malonoben is a synthetic inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that displays characteristics of a potent reversible inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced mitogenesis via inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity of the PDGFR (PDGF receptor) and other signaling cascades. Malonoben significantly attenuated CCR7-induced Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of cofilin and sequentially abolished F-actin rearrangement, diminished the chemotaxis and migration ability of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Malonoben treatment resulted in the formation of fragmented mitochondria filament. Treatment of malonoben also evoked mitochondrial fragmentation in other cells including the neuroblastomas. Malonoben induces Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and apoptotic cell death.