L-carnitine (L-beta-hydroxy-gamma-N,N,N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) is conditionally necessary for mitochondrial transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, and thus for myocardial energetic metabolism. D-carnitine is not biologically active and might interfere with proper utilization of the L isomer, and so there are claims that the racemic mixture (DL-carnitine) should be avoided. The pharmacological effects of carnitine are stereospecific: L-carnitine was effective in various animal and clinical studies, while D- and DL-carnitine was found to be ineffective or even toxic to some cells and tissues, such as muscle cells and the myocardium. DL-carnitine caused symptoms of myasthenia and cardiac arrhythmias, which disappeared after L-carnitine administration.

Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-histidine and l-alanine. It is widely present in muscle and brain tissues. It possesses strong and specific antioxidant properties, protects against radiation damage, and promotes wound healing. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, ROS and free radicals scavenging ability. In addition, was shown, that carnosine significantly protects against TCA-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats, through its antioxidant, antinutritive, and anti-inflammatory effects, and induction of apoptosis. It also may be a therapeutic agent against Parkinson's disease. Experiments on animal have shown the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine.

L-carnitine (L-beta-hydroxy-gamma-N,N,N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) is conditionally necessary for mitochondrial transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, and thus for myocardial energetic metabolism. D-carnitine is not biologically active and might interfere with proper utilization of the L isomer, and so there are claims that the racemic mixture (DL-carnitine) should be avoided. The pharmacological effects of carnitine are stereospecific: L-carnitine was effective in various animal and clinical studies, while D- and DL-carnitine was found to be ineffective or even toxic to some cells and tissues, such as muscle cells and the myocardium. DL-carnitine caused symptoms of myasthenia and cardiac arrhythmias, which disappeared after L-carnitine administration.

L-carnitine (L-beta-hydroxy-gamma-N,N,N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) is conditionally necessary for mitochondrial transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, and thus for myocardial energetic metabolism. D-carnitine is not biologically active and might interfere with proper utilization of the L isomer, and so there are claims that the racemic mixture (DL-carnitine) should be avoided. The pharmacological effects of carnitine are stereospecific: L-carnitine was effective in various animal and clinical studies, while D- and DL-carnitine was found to be ineffective or even toxic to some cells and tissues, such as muscle cells and the myocardium. DL-carnitine caused symptoms of myasthenia and cardiac arrhythmias, which disappeared after L-carnitine administration.

Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-histidine and l-alanine. It is widely present in muscle and brain tissues. It possesses strong and specific antioxidant properties, protects against radiation damage, and promotes wound healing. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, ROS and free radicals scavenging ability. In addition, was shown, that carnosine significantly protects against TCA-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats, through its antioxidant, antinutritive, and anti-inflammatory effects, and induction of apoptosis. It also may be a therapeutic agent against Parkinson's disease. Experiments on animal have shown the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine.

Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-histidine and l-alanine. It is widely present in muscle and brain tissues. It possesses strong and specific antioxidant properties, protects against radiation damage, and promotes wound healing. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, ROS and free radicals scavenging ability. In addition, was shown, that carnosine significantly protects against TCA-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats, through its antioxidant, antinutritive, and anti-inflammatory effects, and induction of apoptosis. It also may be a therapeutic agent against Parkinson's disease. Experiments on animal have shown the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine.