Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug normally used to prevent blood clot formation as well as migration. Warfarin is marketed under the brand name Coumadin among others. Coumadin (crystalline warfarin sodium) is an anticoagulant which acts by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Chemically, it is 3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin and is a racemic mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. Coumadin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, and pulmonary embolism. It is also indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of the thromboembolic complications associated with atrial fibrillation and/or cardiac valve replacement. Warfarin is thought to interfere with clotting factor synthesis by inhibition of the C1 subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) enzyme complex, thereby reducing the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide. The degree of depression is dependent upon the dosage administered and, in part, by the patient’s VKORC1 genotype. Therapeutic doses of warfarin decrease the total amount of the active form of each vitamin K dependent clotting factor made by the liver by approximately 30% to 50%.

Crotamiton is a scabicidal and antipruritic agent available as a cream or lotion for topical use. The drug was approved by FDA for the treatment of scabies and pruritic skin. Crotamiton is a mixture of the cis and trans isomers of N-ethyl-N-(o-methylphenyl)-2butenamide. Although the activity of crotamiton was shown both in vitro and in vivo, the mechanism of its action is still unknown.

Ergoalcifediol (Vitamin D2) is a fat soluble steroid hormone precursor of vitamin D. The principal biologic function of vitamin D is the maintenance of normal levels of serum calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream by enhancing the efficacy of the small intestine to absorb these minerals from the diet. Cholecalciferol is synthesized within our bodies naturally, but if UV exposure is inadequate or the metabolism of cholecalciferol is abnormal, then an exogenous source is required. Vitamin D2 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in the liver, and then to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), in the kidney. Once transformed, it binds to the vitamin D receptor, which leads to a variety of regulatory roles. Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining calcium balance and in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It promotes renal reabsorption of calcium, increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and increases calcium and phosphorus mobilization from bone to plasma. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D. Sources that contain the vitamin include fatty fish, the liver and fat of aquatic mammals (e.g., seals, polar bears), and eggs from chickens fed vitamin D-fortified feed. As such, many countries have instituted policies to fortify certain foods with vitamin D to compensate for the potentially low exposures of skin to sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency results in inadequate mineralization of bone or compensatory skeletal demineralization and causes decreased ionized calcium concentrations in blood and a resultant increase in the production and secretion of PTH. Increase in PTH stimulates the mobilization of skeletal calcium, inhibits renal excretion of calcium, and stimulates renal excretion of phosphorus. This results in normal fasting serum calcium concentrations and low or near-normal serum phosphorus. The enhanced mobilization of skeletal calcium induced by this secondary hyperparathyroidism leads porotic bone. Ergoalcifediol is used for use in the management of hypocalcemia and its clinical manifestations in patients with hypoparathyroidism, as well as for the treatment of familial hypophosphatemia (vitamin D resistant rickets). This drug has also been used in the treatment of nutritional rickets or osteomalacia, vitamin D dependent rickets, rickets or osteomalacia secondary to long-term high dose anticonvulsant therapy, early renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis (in conjunction with calcium), and hypophosphatemia associated with Fanconi syndrome (with treatment of acidosis). Ergocalciferol is manufactured and marketed under various names, including Deltalin (Eli Lilly and Company), Drisdol (Sanofi-Synthelabo) and Calcidol (Patrin Pharma).

Oxytetracycline, a tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete streptomyces rimosus, was the second of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group of antibiotics to be discovered The drug is used for the prophylaxis and local treatment of superficial ocular infections due to oxytetracycline- and polymyxin-sensitive organisms for animal use only. These infections include the following: Ocular infections due to streptococci, rickettsiae E. coli, and A. aerogenes (such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, pinkeye, corneal ulcer, and blepharitis in dogs); ocular infections due to secondary bacterial complications associated with distemper in dogs; and ocular infections due to bacterial inflammatory conditions which may occur secondary to other diseases in dogs. Allergic reactions may occasionally occur. Treatment should be discontinued if reactions are severe. If new infections due to nonsensitive bacteria or fungi appear during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken. Oxytetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Oxytetracycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane.

Methoprene is a pesticide that acts as a juvenile hormone agonist. Although developed initially against insects, it has since been shown to have toxic effects on larval and adult crustaceans. Methoprene was one of the several pesticides applied to the Western Long Island Sound (WLIS) watershed area during the summer of 1999. Methoprene is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (R and S in a ratio of 1:1). The activity of the compound as a juvenile hormone is restricted to the S enantiomer. Recent data have been describing the male sexual enhancement after methoprene treatment in Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae). It has been shown, that a sustained response doesn`t not fade away after sexual maturation, thus the potential benefits of using methoprene to increase the efficiency of the sterile insect technique, which is an environmentally safe method to control this fruit pest, have been proposed.

FENFLUTHRIN, a synthetic pyrethroid, is an obsolete insecticide that was used to control a variety of insect pests in food stores and for public hygiene purposes.

The organophosphate compound Naftalofos is an anthelmintic drug. In Australia it is approved for veterinary use. Naftalofos has been used for many years to control nematodes of livestock. Naftalofos boluses are used against nematodes of cattle. Naphthalophos (36.6 to 51.2 mg/kg) was also 93% efficient against the multiple resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. Naphthalophos showed efficacy against Haemonchus contortus (> 99 %),Trichostrongylus axei (99.3 %), Teladorsagia circumcincta (97.8 %), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (99.2 %), Cooperia punctata/curticei/pectinata (90.4 %), Nematodirus spathiger (89.2 %) and Oesophagostomum venulosum/columbianum (93.7 %). Naphthalophos represents an effective therapeutic alternative for incorporation into worm control programmes.

20-Hydroxyecdysone is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone, which is marketed as dietary supplements that can increase strength and muscle mass during resistance training, particularly bodybuilding. It was found, that 20-hydroxyecdysone did not affect body composition or training adaptations nor did they influence the anabolic/catabolic hormone status or general markers of catabolism in resistance-trained males. Because is known, that ecdysteroids have been shown to prevent various changes in mammalian tissues after female sex hormone deprivation. 20-Hydroxyecdysone also was investigated on these properties. It was found in rats, that 20-Hydroxyecdysone had a beneficial effect on reducing blood pressure and consequently preventing dilated cardiac hypertrophy. Some in vitro experiments showed, that 20-hydroxyecdysone had effects on lymphocytes and neutrophils, and may act as an immunomodulator.