Dipyrone, also known as Metamizole (INN), is an ampyrone sulfonate analgesic, antispasmodic and antipyretic. It was withdrawn from US market in 1977 on the basis of reports of agranulocytosis. Depyrone is still used to treat severe and diffucult for relieving pains of different origin; headache, tooth-ache, pains in the joints, muscles, following traumas and operations, gall and kidney colics, neurites, neuralgias, traumatic cerebrasthenia; inflammation of upper respiratory ways of microbial or virus origin; chorea; febrile states. Mechanism of action of dipyrone is complex. It is believed that dipyrone exerts its action by inhibiting COX-3, and activates opioid and cannabioid systems either itself, or by products of its metabolic degradation.

Flunitrazepam is an intermediate-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to those of diazepam. It is generally intended to be for short-term treatment for chronic or severe insomniacs who are unresponsive to other hypnotics. The main pharmacological effects of Flunitrazepam are the enhancement of GABA at the GABAA receptor. The physical effects of Flunitrazepam include sedation, muscle relaxation, decreased anxiety, and prevention of convulsions. It causes partial amnesia; individuals are unable to remember certain events that they experience while under the influence of the drug. Chronic use of Flunitrazepam can result in physical dependence and the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome when the drug is discontinued. Flunitrazepam impairs cognitive and psychomotor functions affecting reaction time and driving skill. The use of this drug in combination with alcohol is a particular concern as both central nervous system depressants potentiate each other's toxicity.

Cefalonium is a 1st generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of actvity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterias. The drug inhibits the bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins. Cefalonium is approved for routine dry cow therapy to treat existing sub-clinical infections and to prevent new infections which occur during the dry period.

Huperzine A is a plant alkaloid derived from Club moss plant, Huperzine serrata, which is a member or the Lycopodium species. Huperzine-A is in phase III clinical trial in the USA (Alzheimer disease) and is available as a dietary supplement. It selectively and reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Huperzine A is also a NMDA receptor antagonist, which protects the brain against glutamate induced damage, and it increases nerve growth factor levels. Huperzine A is used for Alzheimer's disease, memory and learning enhancement, and age-related memory impairment. It is also used for treating a muscle disease called myasthenia gravis, for increasing alertness and energy, and for protecting against agents that damage the nerves such as nerve gases. It can cause some side effects including nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, blurred vision, slurred speech, restlessness, loss of appetite, contraction and twitching of muscle fibers, cramping, increased saliva and urine, inability to control urination, high blood pressure, and slowed heart rate. Various medications used for glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions (Cholinergic drugs) interacts with Huperzine A.

Agomelatine behaves both as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors. Accumulating evidence in a broad range of experimental procedures supports the notion that the psychotropic effects of agomelatine are due to the synergy between its melatonergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic effects. Agomelatine is indicated for the treatment of major depressive episodes.

Elobixibat is the first in class ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor. IBAT inhibitors block ileal absorption of bile acids by: (1) interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of bile resulting in a fall in serum cholesterol and (2) increasing the delivery of bile acids into the colon. Elobixibat stimulates both motor and secretory functions in the colon. Elobixibat is approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic constipation. Elobixibat has potential benefit in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Agomelatine behaves both as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors. Accumulating evidence in a broad range of experimental procedures supports the notion that the psychotropic effects of agomelatine are due to the synergy between its melatonergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic effects. Agomelatine is indicated for the treatment of major depressive episodes.

Rebamipide, an amino acid derivative of 2-(1H)-quinolinone, is used for mucosal protection, healing of gastroduodenal ulcers, and treatment of gastritis. It works by enhancing mucosal defense, scavenging free radicals, and temporarily activating genes encoding cyclooxygenase-2. Rebamipide is used in a number of Asian countries including Japan (marketed as Mucosta), South Korea, China, and India (where it is marketed under the trade name Rebagen). It is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States. Studies have shown that rebamipide can fight the damaging effects of NSAIDs on the GIT mucosa.

Indirubin is derived from the Indigo Plant (Isatis Root, Isatis Leaf). It is used as part of a traditional Chinese herbal prescription called Dang Gui Long Hui Wan, to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Indirubin inhibits DNA synthesis in several cell lines, in a cell-free assay and in vivo in rats with Walker-256 sarcoma. A weak binding of indirubin to DNA in vitro has been described. Indirubin inhibited all cyclin-dependent kinases (1,2,4,5) almost equally. Indirubin has been approved for clinical trials against chronic myelocytic and chronic granulocytic leukaemia. A few studies show that Indirubin is effective against psoriasis. Mild to severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, and edema are reported adverse events of Indirubin. Long-term oral ingestion has also occasionally been associated with hepatitis, pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiac insufficiency.

Menbutone is a choleretic compound which is used in veterinary medicine at a dose rate up to 10 mg/kg bw by parenteral (intravenous or intramuscular) route in bovine, ovine, caprine, porcine, and equine species. Menbutone stimulates the digestive tract by increasing excretion of bile, gastric acid, and pancreatic juices by two to five times baseline. It is marketed for veterinary use in Europe under several brand names.