Indecainide, an antiarrhythmic agent classified as type IC. Class IC drugs greatly depress intracardiac conduction and are the most potent antiarrhythmic compounds able to suppress ventricular premature beats. Indecainide was used under brand name decabid for the treatment of life-threatening dysrhythmias and sustained ventricular tachycardia. However, that usage was discontinued. Indecainide have mediated the pharmacological actions through a blocking of Na+-channel.

Pergolide is a long-acting dopamine agonist approved in 1982 for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. It is an ergot derivative that acts on the dopamine D2 and D3, alpha2- and alpha1-adrenergic, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors. It was indicated as adjunct therapy with levodopa/carbidopa in the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonian syndrome. It was later found that pergolide increased the risk of cardiac valvulopathy. The drug was withdrawn from the US market in March 2007 and from the Canadian market in August 2007. Pergolide stimulates centrally-located dopaminergic receptors resulting in a number of pharmacologic effects. Five dopamine receptor types from two dopaminergic subfamilies have been identified. The dopaminergic D1 receptor subfamily consists of D1 and D5 subreceptors and are associated with dyskinesias. The dopaminergic D2 receptor subfamily consists of D2, D3 and D4 subreceptors and has been associated with improvement of symptoms of movement disorders. Thus, agonist activity specific for D2 subfamily receptors, primarily D2 and D3 receptor subtypes, are the primary targets of dopaminergic antiparkinsonian agents. It is thought that postsynaptic D2 stimulation is primarily responsible for the antiparkinsonian effect of dopamine agonists, while presynaptic D2 stimulation confers neuroprotective effects. This semisynthetic ergot derivative exhibits potent agonist activity on dopamine D2- and D3-receptors. It also exhibits agonist activity on dopamine D4, D1, and D5, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, α2A-, α2B-, α2C-, α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic receptors. Parkinsonian Syndrome manifests when approximately 80% of dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal pathway of the brain is lost. As this striatum is involved in modulating the intensity of coordinated muscle activity (e.g. movement, balance, walking), loss of activity may result in dystonia (acute muscle contraction), Parkinsonism (including symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and flattened affect), akathesia (inner restlessness), tardive dyskinesia (involuntary muscle movements usually associated with long-term loss of dopaminergic activity), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which manifests when complete blockage of nigrostriatal dopamine occurs. High dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain causes hallucinations and delusions; these side effects of dopamine agonists are manifestations seen in patients with schizophrenia who have overractivity in this area of the brain. The hallucinogenic side effects of dopamine agonists may also be due to 5-HT2A agonism. The tuberoinfundibular pathway of the brain originates in the hypothalamus and terminates in the pituitary gland. In this pathway, dopamine inhibits lactotrophs in anterior pituitary from secreting prolactin. Increased dopaminergic activity in the tuberoinfundibular pathway inhibits prolactin secretion. Pergolide also causes transient increases in somatotropin (growth hormone) secretion and decreases in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Pergolide is not available for use by humans in the United States, but approved for veterinary use; it was used in various other countries for the treatment of various conditions including Parkinson's disease, hyperprolactinemia, and restless leg syndrome. Pergolide in Europe was indicated for Parkinson's disease only when other dopaminergic agonist treatments had failed, and treatment had to be initiated by a neurologist. The label warned against using doses of more than 5mg a day, whether alone or in combination with levodopa. However the marketing of this drug finally stopped in France in May 2011 and sales elsewhere in Europe ceased eventually.

Cephalothin is a first generation, semisynthetic analogue of natural cephalosporin antibiotic. The in-vitro bactericidal action of Cephalothin results from inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. In general, Cephalothin has higher activity against Gram positive than Gram negative organisms. Cephalothin is primarily indicated in conditions like bone and joint infection, genitourinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, soft tissue and skin infections and others. The severe or irreversible adverse effects of Cephalothin, which give rise to further complications, include nephrotoxicity, hemolytic anemia. Cephalothin produces potentially life-threatening effects, which include anaphylaxis, serum sickness syndrome. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Cephalothin are: rashes, urticaria, allergic reactions, thrombophlebitis, pain at injection site. Co-administration of diuretics, such as furanthril, ethacrynic acid and nephrotoxic antibiotics may increase the risk of renal damage. Reciprocal inactivation could be observed during in vitro mixing of Cephalothin with aminoglycosides.

Cephalothin is a first generation, semisynthetic analogue of natural cephalosporin antibiotic. The in-vitro bactericidal action of Cephalothin results from inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. In general, Cephalothin has higher activity against Gram positive than Gram negative organisms. Cephalothin is primarily indicated in conditions like bone and joint infection, genitourinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, soft tissue and skin infections and others. The severe or irreversible adverse effects of Cephalothin, which give rise to further complications, include nephrotoxicity, hemolytic anemia. Cephalothin produces potentially life-threatening effects, which include anaphylaxis, serum sickness syndrome. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Cephalothin are: rashes, urticaria, allergic reactions, thrombophlebitis, pain at injection site. Co-administration of diuretics, such as furanthril, ethacrynic acid and nephrotoxic antibiotics may increase the risk of renal damage. Reciprocal inactivation could be observed during in vitro mixing of Cephalothin with aminoglycosides.

Cephalothin is a first generation, semisynthetic analogue of natural cephalosporin antibiotic. The in-vitro bactericidal action of Cephalothin results from inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. In general, Cephalothin has higher activity against Gram positive than Gram negative organisms. Cephalothin is primarily indicated in conditions like bone and joint infection, genitourinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, soft tissue and skin infections and others. The severe or irreversible adverse effects of Cephalothin, which give rise to further complications, include nephrotoxicity, hemolytic anemia. Cephalothin produces potentially life-threatening effects, which include anaphylaxis, serum sickness syndrome. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Cephalothin are: rashes, urticaria, allergic reactions, thrombophlebitis, pain at injection site. Co-administration of diuretics, such as furanthril, ethacrynic acid and nephrotoxic antibiotics may increase the risk of renal damage. Reciprocal inactivation could be observed during in vitro mixing of Cephalothin with aminoglycosides.

Dithiazanine, 3-ethyl-2-[5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-l, 3- pentadienyl] benzothiazolium iodide, is an old effective broad-spectrum human anthelmintic. In proper dosage, this polyvermicide is therapeutic for trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, and enterobiasis. The drug also has significant anthelmintic activity against human hookworm, Necator americanus. It fulfills a need for an effective therapeutic for trichuriasis and strongyloidiasis. Dithiazanine is useful for the treatment of patients with either single or multiple intestinal helminth infections. It is effective for mass therapy for trichuriasis. Nowdays Dithiazanine is used only as a veterinary anthelmintic for dogs. It has being proved to be a highly toxic chemical, with a lethal dose for humans of about 4–16 mg/kg by oral ingestion.

Dimoxyline is the synthetic analogue of papaverine, Acute toxicity studies show it to be less toxic than papaverine. No analgesic action and no tolerance development in experimental animals by repeated administration. But Dimoxyline does not appear to be as potent as papaverine in comparable dosage. Dimoxyline is indicated for the treatment of patients with angina pectoris. Also, significant amount of benefit was claimed in patients with acute or chronic phlebitis, arterial thrombosis or embolism, Raynaud’s phenomena and early thromboangiitis obliterans or arteriosclerosis obliterans. Detected adverse events are: nausea or abdominal cramps.

Cyclopentamine is a sympathomimetic alkylamine, classified as a vasoconstrictor. Cyclopentamine was indicated in the past as an over-the-counter medication for use as a nasal decongestant, notably in Europe and Australia, but has now been largely discontinued possibly due to the availability, effectiveness, and safety of a structurally similar drug, propylhexedrine used for relief of congestion due to colds, common cold, hay fever, or other allergies. Cyclopentamine acts as a releasing agent of the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine. Cyclopentamine effects on norepinephrine and epinephrine mediate its decongestant effects, while its effects on all three neurotransmitters are responsible for its stimulant properties. Cyclopentamine was acting as nonspecific spasmolytic, similar to papaverine, in the rabbit ileum. It was demonstrated that cyclopentamine was a very weak alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulant and a weak beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. Cyclopentamine also potentiated the auto-inhibition produced by high doses of isoproterenol and the effect lasted as long as the autoinhibition persisted. It was suggested that the blockade by both drugs was the result of a direct action on the beta receptors. When ingested orally in sufficient quantities, cyclopentamine produces similar effects to amphetamine, methamphetamine, and propylhexedrine.

Dimoxyline is the synthetic analogue of papaverine, Acute toxicity studies show it to be less toxic than papaverine. No analgesic action and no tolerance development in experimental animals by repeated administration. But Dimoxyline does not appear to be as potent as papaverine in comparable dosage. Dimoxyline is indicated for the treatment of patients with angina pectoris. Also, significant amount of benefit was claimed in patients with acute or chronic phlebitis, arterial thrombosis or embolism, Raynaud’s phenomena and early thromboangiitis obliterans or arteriosclerosis obliterans. Detected adverse events are: nausea or abdominal cramps.

Ractopamine is a feed additive to promote leanness in animals raised for their meat. Pharmacologically, it is a TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Ractopamine is known to increase the rate of weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and increase carcass leanness in finishing swine. Its use in finishing swine yields about three kilograms of additional lean pork and improves feed efficiency by 10%. Ractopamine is the active ingredient in products known as Paylean for swine and Optaflexx for cattle, developed by Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly and Company, for use in food animals for growth promotion. Ractopamine use has been banned in most countries, including the European Union, mainland China and Russia while 27 other countries, such as Japan, the United States, Canada, and South Korea, have deemed meat from livestock fed ractopamine safe for human consumption. Ractopamine is safe for finishing pigs heavier than 240 lb (110 kg) when administered in the diet at concentrations up to 10 ppm and fed for up to 35 days.