Alpha-Terthienyl is a pigment in African marigolds (Tagetes spp.) and exhibits antifungal, insecticidal, and nematicidal properties related to its ability to sensitize the formation of singlet oxygen. Terthiophene is the compound responsible for the insecticidal activity of Tagetes minuta. Alpha-Terthienyl is also used as building block in the production of organic semiconductors.

Betonicine (trans-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-1,1,-dimethylpyrrolidinium hydroxide, inner salt) and its cis isomer, turicine, are naturally occurring substituted pyrrolidines. Betonicine was used as an analgesic 1000 years ago and is still available commercially from herbalists today. Betonicine has been isolated from Achillea millefolium L. (Compositae) and probably from A. atrata L. (Compositae); it is an alkaloid. Proline betaine and Betonicine were identified as metabolically inert cell protectants against extremes in osmolarity and growth temperatures.

Visnagin is furanochromone and one of the main compounds of Ammi visnaga L. (syn. Khella) that can be frequently found in ethnomedical formulations in Asia and the Middle East. Visnagin possess analgesic properties due to its calcium channel blocking properties and act in an anti-inflammatory manner by inhibiting AP-1 and NF-κB signaling.

Dimethyl phosphate is a metabolite of organophosphate pesticides. The urinary levels of dimethyl phosphate are used as a biochemical marker to assess/predict the health risk of people exposed to pesticides.

Taraxasterol is a pentacyclic-triterpene and one of the main active components isolated from Taraxacum officinale. It has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory effects of taraxasterol against LPS-induced acute lung injury may be due to its ability of inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling. In addition, taraxasterol protected human chondrocytes by inhibiting MMPs, NO and PGE2 production and therefore could be a useful agent for prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis.

o-Phenylenediamine is a chemical intermediate used in the synthesis of fungicides, corrosion inhibitors, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used to remove elemental sulfur in mining ores, and to remove aldehyde color formers in polymeric products. o-Phenylenediamine is also a substrate of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation reactions. 2,3-Diaminophenazine was detected as a product of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in ELISA procedures. o-Phenylenediamine is a methaemoglobin-producer. Oral administration of o-phenylenediamine led to significantly increased incidences of liver tumors in the rat and mouse.

LY-165163 is a partial agonist of serotonin receptors 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D. It exhibits marked activity at both pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic D2 (D3 and D1) receptors. LY-165163 caused a significant and dose-dependent hypothermia in rats. As a 5-HT1D receptor agonist, LY-165163 was proposed for the ocular pain treatment.

alpha-N-methyl-histamine is a metabolite of histamine that plays an important role in several (patho) physiological processes. alpha-N-methyl-histamine is being a potent agonist of histamine H3 receptor can be used as an effective therapeutic alternative in migraine patients.

Firefly luciferin (D-luciferin) is the luciferin, or light-emitting compound, found in many firefly (Lampyridae) species. D-luciferin is the substrate for firefly luciferase (Photinus pyralis). Luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of Firefly luciferin to oxyluciferin in the presence of ATP and magnesium, resulting in bioluminescence. This bioluminescent reaction is the most efficient known in nature, with about 90% of the energy released being converted to light. The luciferin/luciferase system is used as a very sensitive reporter assay for gene expression. It can also be used for ATP assays in research applications or to detect bacterial contamination. A luciferase-based ATP-TCA (ATP-tumour chemosensitivity test) to measure ATP levels was designed in the 1990s. This method permits the effects of different medicines and their combinations to be assessed in tumour biopsy specimens and has been used for chemotherapy drug selection for the treatment of ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer as well as melanoma and hepatoma.

Magnoflorine is a chemical compound isolated from the rhizome of Sinomenium acutum and from Pachygone ovata. Magnoflorine was shown to suppress the induction phase of the cellular immune response, and assigned as noncytotoxic to various human cancer cell lines. In addition, it was shown that Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by magnoflorine through a GABAergic mechanism of action. Moreover, magnoflorine can protect the erythrocyte membrane from LPC-induced damage, which was demonstrated in experiments on rat erythrocytes. This protective effect is mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance.