Diflunisal is a salicylic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. It was developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme in 1971 after showing promise in a research project studying more potent chemical analogs of aspirin. Diflunisal is an aspirin-like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis.In animals, prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain. Since prostaglandins are known to be among the mediators of pain and inflammation, the mode of action of diflunisal may be due to a decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues.

Piroxicam is in a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It was originally brought to market by Pfizer under the tradename Feldene in 1980, became generic in 1992, and is marketed worldwide under many brandnames. Piroxicam works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Piroxicam is used to reduce the pain, inflammation, and stiffness caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The antiinflammatory effect of Piroxicam may result from the reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, causing the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called Cox-1. Piroxicam blocks the Cox-1 enzyme, resulting into the disruption of production of prostaglandins. Piroxicam also inhibits the migration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and prevents the formation of thromboxane A2, an aggregating agent, by the platelets. Piroxicam is used for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Indium In-111 pentetate disodium is a radioactive diagnostic indicated for use in radionuclide cisternography. Decay of In-111 by electron capture allows for detection with a gamma camera for visualization of the brain and spinal column. Indium In 111 pentetate ( 111In-DTPA) is indicated as an imaging agent in cisternography to study the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, to diagnose abnormalities in CSF circulation, to assess and help localize the site of CSF leakage, and to test the patency of or localize blocks in CSF shunts.

Etomidate (AMIDATE®) is an imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It is intended for the induction of general anesthesia by intravenous injection. Etomidate (AMIDATE®) is also indicated for the supplementation of subpotent anesthetic agents, such as nitrous oxide in oxygen, during maintenance of anesthesia for short operative procedures such as dilation and curettage or cervical conization. It also produces a unique toxicity among anesthetic drugs - inhibition of adrenal steroid synthesis that far outlasts its hypnotic action and that may reduce survival of critically ill patients. The major molecular targets mediating anesthetic effects of etomidate (AMIDATE®) in the central nervous system are specific gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor subtypes. The R(+) isomer of etomidate is 10 times more potent than its S(-) isomer at potentiating GABA-A receptor activity.

Diltiazem is a nondihydropyridines calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia. Diltiazem produces its antihypertensive effect primarily by relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and the resultant decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.

Succimer is an analogue of dimercaprol, and has replaced dimercaprol as one of the main antidotes used in the management of poisoning by lead and other heavy metals. The advantages of succimer are that it is effective by oral administration because it is soluble in water, it is well-tolerated, has relatively low toxicity and can be given at the same time as iron supplements to treat iron deficiency anaemia. It does not cause significant increase in urinary excretion of essential minerals unlike the other widelyused lead chelating agent, sodium calcium EDTA.

Alclometasone is synthetic glucocorticoid steroid for topical use. Alclometasone dipropionate cream USP and alclometasone dipropionate ointment USP are indicated for the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. It may be used in pediatric patients 1 year of age or older, although the safety and efficacy of drug use for longer than 3 weeks have not been established. Like other topical corticosteroids, alclometasone dipropionate has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of the topical steroids, in general, is unclear. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Alclometasone initially binds the corticosteroid receptor. This complex migrates to the nucleus where it binds to different glucocorticoid response elements on the DNA. This in turn enhances and represses various genes, especially those involved in inflammatory pathways.

Indium In-111 pentetate disodium is a radioactive diagnostic indicated for use in radionuclide cisternography. Decay of In-111 by electron capture allows for detection with a gamma camera for visualization of the brain and spinal column. Indium In 111 pentetate ( 111In-DTPA) is indicated as an imaging agent in cisternography to study the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, to diagnose abnormalities in CSF circulation, to assess and help localize the site of CSF leakage, and to test the patency of or localize blocks in CSF shunts.

Piroxicam is in a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It was originally brought to market by Pfizer under the tradename Feldene in 1980, became generic in 1992, and is marketed worldwide under many brandnames. Piroxicam works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Piroxicam is used to reduce the pain, inflammation, and stiffness caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The antiinflammatory effect of Piroxicam may result from the reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, causing the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called Cox-1. Piroxicam blocks the Cox-1 enzyme, resulting into the disruption of production of prostaglandins. Piroxicam also inhibits the migration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and prevents the formation of thromboxane A2, an aggregating agent, by the platelets. Piroxicam is used for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Etomidate (AMIDATE®) is an imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It is intended for the induction of general anesthesia by intravenous injection. Etomidate (AMIDATE®) is also indicated for the supplementation of subpotent anesthetic agents, such as nitrous oxide in oxygen, during maintenance of anesthesia for short operative procedures such as dilation and curettage or cervical conization. It also produces a unique toxicity among anesthetic drugs - inhibition of adrenal steroid synthesis that far outlasts its hypnotic action and that may reduce survival of critically ill patients. The major molecular targets mediating anesthetic effects of etomidate (AMIDATE®) in the central nervous system are specific gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor subtypes. The R(+) isomer of etomidate is 10 times more potent than its S(-) isomer at potentiating GABA-A receptor activity.