Voglibose is an alpha glucosidase inhibitor, which was initially marketed in Japan as an improving agent for postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Later on the drug was approved for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. The drug is available in Asia under the name Basen.

Olprinone (INN) is a cardiotonic agent, is used for treatment acute heart failure. It has been marketed in Japan since 1996. The main mechanism of action of olprinone hydrochloride hydrate is selective inhibition of PDE III specific to cAMP. It is considered that this action causes an increase in intracellular cAMP levels and peak Ca2+ levels, thereby increasing myocardial contractility.

Fabomotizole (also known as Afobazole) is a selective non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic which was developed in Russia and launched in 2006. The drug is used for the treatment of wide range of diseases: generalized anxious disorders, neurasthenia, adaptation disorders, sleep disorders, for alleviation of withdrawal syndrome. According to the drug label (in Russian), its action is related to the interaction with sigma-1 receptors.

Ramatroban is a dual antagonist of thromboxane A2 receptor and PGD2 receptor. The drug was developed by Bayer and tested for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. In Japan ramatroban reached final approval and is being marketed under the name Baynas. In vitro studies have shown that the drug effectively inhibits smooth muscle cells contraction.

Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as a neurotransmitter. Octopamine is known to exert adrenergic effects in mammals although specific octopamine receptors have been cloned only in invertebrates. It has been shown that octopamine can stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha(2)-ARs. Octopamine stimulates lipolysis through beta(3)-rather than beta(1)-or beta(2)-AR activation in white adipocytes from different mammalian species. Octopamine activates only beta(3)-ARs and is devoid of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonism. Thus, octopamine could be considered as an endogenous selective beta(3)-AR agonist. In humans Octopamine is a trace amine found endogenously in the human brain where it interacts with signalling of catecholamines; it is structurally similar to synephrine and tyramine, being a metabolite of the latter (via dopamine β-hydroxylase) and substrate for the synthesis of the former (via phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase[3]) while being perhaps the closest in structure to noradrenaline. Octopamine is found in the bitter orange similar to many biogenic amines related to L-tyrosine that are used as dietary supplements, this includes synephrine and hordenine. p-Octopamine HCl (Norphen) was studied in the late 1960’s and 1970’s as a drug for the treatment of hypotensive regulatory and circulatory disorders. Octopamine was used as a nootropic. All optical isomers (enantiomers) of octopamine are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2014 list of substances prohibited in competition.

Clofenamide is a benzenedisulfonamide-based agent and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor with diuretic activity. Clofenamide inhibits CA, thereby preventing sodium, bicarbonate and thus water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule resulting in diuresis.

Scientists at Parke-Davis first synthesized Pramiracetam (brand name Pramistar) in the late 1970’s. It was first tested with Alzheimer’s patients. Seeing mixed results, the company tried it with major depressive disorder and licensed it as an orphan drug to Menarini. Pramiracetam is a central nervous system stimulant and nootropic agent belonging to the racetam family of drugs. Pramistar is used for the treatment of concentration and memory disturbances caused by the degeneration of brain cells or to diseases of the blood vessels supplying the brain, conditions that arise both in elderly patients (aged over 65 years). By stimulating choline uptake, pramiracetam indirectly modulates the release of acetylcholine and stimulates increased activity in the hippocampus. Because this part of the brain is absolutely crucial to the memory function, the general stimulation that pramiracetam creates can improve both the formation of new memories and the retention of reference or long-term memories. The increased activity in the hippocampus also increases cerebral blood flow, which enhances alertness and improves cognitive abilities in general. Pramiracetam may have other mechanisms of action as well. Researchers have hypothesized that in addition to its action in the brain, pramiracetam acts outside the brain in peripheral sites that rely on the adrenal glands. Animal studies suggest that pramiracetam may also increase or restore brain membrane fluidity, which facilitates cell signaling. Unlike many other racetam class nootropics, pramiracetam does not appear to strongly alter either wakefulness or emotional states. This can be explained by pramiracetam’s very limited influence on the production and release of serotonin, GABA and dopamine, the neurotransmitters that have the greatest effect on mood and anxiety levels.

Clopamide is a thiazide diuretic which helps in removing fluid from the body. Clopamide is used in treatment of hypertension and edema.

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) is a chemical in the carbamate family used chiefly as an insecticide. It is a white crystalline solid commonly sold under the brand name Sevin, a trademark of the Bayer Company.Union Carbide discovered carbaryl and introduced it commercially in 1958. Bayer purchased Aventis CropScience in 2002, a company that included Union Carbide pesticide operations. It remains the third-most-used insecticide in the United States for home gardens, commercial agriculture, and forestry and rangeland protection. As a veterinary drug, it is known as carbaril. Carbaryl is an anticholinesterase inhibitor. It is indicated for the treatment of head and pubic lice. It is available as a lotion (Carylderm) and a shampoo (Carylderm; New Suleo; Derbac). Carbaryl was developed because lice began to show resistance to organochlorine insecticides such as DDT and gamma benzene hexachloride (Quellada; Lorexane). It was introduced in the late 1960s particularly for the control of head lice; it is less effective against mites, and not recommended for scabies.

Lenampicillin is a prodrug of ampicillin that inhibits bacterial penicillin binding proteins (transpeptidase) and thus is effective against a wide range of bacterial infections. The drug was developed and marketed in Japan (Takacillin, Varacillin), however its current marketing status is unknown and supposed to be discontinued.