Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Cyclic GMP is a cellular regulatory agent that acts as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of signals (acetylcholine, insulin, oxytocin). cGMP is involved in the regulation of kinases G. cGMP binds to sites on the regulatory units of protein kinase G (PKG) and activates the catalytic units, enabling them to phosphorylate their substrates. cGMP is a common regulator of ion channel conductance, glycogenolysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes smooth muscle tissues. In blood vessels, relaxation of vascular smooth muscles lead to vasodilation and increased blood flow. cGMP is a secondary messenger in phototransduction in the eye. In the photoreceptors of the mammalian eye, the presence of light activates cGMP phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), which degrades cGMP. The sodium ion channels in photoreceptors are cGMP-gated, so degradation of cGMP causes sodium channels to close, which leads to the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor's plasma membrane and ultimately to visual information being sent to the brain. Mutations in the cGMP phosphodiesterase cause defects in cGMP metabolism leading to retinal disease. Inhibition of cGMP degrading PDE5 by its selective inhibitor sildenafil induced migraine without aura in 10 of 12 migraine patients and in healthy subjects.

Lobeline,(+)- is unnatural enantiomer of Lobeline. Lobeline is the main active alkaloid constituent of Lobelia inflata, a plant sometimes called “Indian tobacco” because it was initially used by Indians of North America as a tobacco substitute. The crude extract is toxic but has been widely recommended for treatment of respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and whooping cough.

Myclobutanil is a conazole class fungicide widely used as an agrichemical. It is approved for use on fruit, vegetables and seed commodities in the EU and elsewhere to control fungi such as Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti and, Basidiomycetes. Myclobutanil products are registered and authorized for use in all countries in which they are sold, including, but not limited to: Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa, the European Union and the United States. Its mode of action is inhibition of the enzyme C14 demethylase which is involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, a component of fungal cellular membranes.

Conduritol B epoxide is an inhibitor of mammalian glucocerebrosidase and lowers glucosylceramide degradation. Glucosylceramide is the precursor for all of the more complex glycosphingolipids. The experiments on animals were shown, that conduritol B epoxide preserved ganglioside distribution at the neuromuscular junction, delayed disease onset, improved motor function and preserved motor neurons as well as neuromuscular junctions from degeneration. In addition, conduritol B epoxide mitigated gene dysregulation in the spinal cord and restored the expression of genes involved in signal transduction and axonal elongation.

Dihydrokavain (or DIHYDROKAWAIN) is one of the six major kavalactones found in the kava plant. It was shown that dihydrokavain might play an important role in regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission, because this compound can modulate the brainstem GABAergic mechanism.

Magnesium diethanolate is used for the synthesis. It is a high performance material as a precursor of Ziegler-Natta catalyst.

Tetraisopropyl methylenediphosphonate used in the synthesis of unsaturated phosphonocholines with enantioselective effects on neuronal tumor cell proliferation and viability. Also is used in the preparation of E2-bisphosphonate conjugates as potential anti-osteoporosis agents and in the preparation of AZT 5’-Triphosphate compounds, which display inhibitory effects on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin, a lignan, isolated from the root of Podophyllum hexandrum, exhibits anticancer properties.

Threo-indinavir is an epimer of indinavir, which is the primary active antiretroviral ingredient in the HIV treatment Crixivan.

Indinavir lactone is a product of the primary degradation pathway for indinavir, which is the primary active ingredient in the HIV anti-retroviral therapy Crixivan. Degradation of Indinavir occurs when exposed to moisture or elevated temperature.