Dexamethasone 9, 11-epoxide is an impurity in the commercial preparation of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory compound approved by the FDA for several conditions, including arthritis, skin diseases, croup, brain swelling, and others.

Gene therapy is expected to treat various incurable diseases including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Complexes of cationic liposomes with DNA are promising tools to deliver genetic information into cells for gene therapy and vaccines. Electrostatic interaction is thought to be the major force in lipid–DNA interaction, while lipid-base binding and the stability of cationic lipid–DNA complexes have been the subject of more debate in recent years. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) forms heterogeneous liposomes with cationic lipids, which are used as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. DOPE is an essential component of cationic liposomes designed to deliver DNA into gliosarcoma and kidney cell lines (gene therapy). The order of stability of lipid–DNA complexation is DOTAP>DDAB>DOPE>Chol. Recently was discovered Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 formulation could be a promising vaccine and a therapeutic delivery system against HER2 positive cancers and merited further investigation.

There is no information about pharmacological and biological applications of alpha-D-Xylopyranose

3-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, (2S,3S)- is one of diltiazem impurity.

Picrotin is a component of picrotoxin, an equimolar mixture of picrotoxinin and picrotin, which was isolated from the fruit of Anamirta cocculus. Picrotin is inactive in inhibiting the GABA-A and GABA-C receptors, but the compound is able to block homomeric alpha1 and alpha1 beta glycine receptors. Picrotoxin is used as an antidote to severe barbiturate poisoning, however picrotin does not participate in the activity. Picrotin is not toxic.

Phosphamidon is an organophosphorus insecticide widely used in agriculture, which consists of two isomers Z and E. Phosphamidon is highly toxic to mammals and was shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the brain of the hen.

There is no information in the scientific literature related to the biological and/or pharmacological application of 1,1-DIMETHOXY-2-(2-METHOXYETHOXY)ETHANE.

5,6-Dihydro-6-methyl-4h-thieno(2,3-b)thiopyran-4-ol 7,7-dioxide, (4S,6S)- is an intermediate for the synthesis of topically-active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor MK-0507.

Ethyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate is used in organic synthesis. For example, in the synthesis of quinolones with antibacterial activity and DNA-gyrase inhibition properties, as well as in Loperamide synthesis. Ethyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate is a Loratadine impurity (0.01 to 0.8%). Stress studies applied on Loratadine were demonstrated that ethyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate (Impurity H) might represent a degradation byproduct.

BHA (E 320) is a synthetic antioxidant authorized as a food additive. BHA is a mixture of two isomers: 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. BHA is known to have various beneficial activities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and anticancer potential although some reports suggested that this reagent induces cytotoxicity. In general, the majority of the genotoxicity studies indicate a lack of potential for BHA to induce point mutations or to interact with or damage DNA. It was banned in Japan in 1958, and it was recommended that it be banned in the UK, however, due to industry pressure it was not. The antioxidant properties of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole are achieved via inhibition of ROS generation. The experiments on mice have shown that pretreatment with compound prevented apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stress in mouse hepatocytes that may be beneficial for treating liver diseases caused by oxidative stress.