Lotaustralin is a cyanogenic glucoside found in small amounts in tropical root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), roseroot (Rhodiola rosea) and other plants. Lotaustralin is the glucoside of methyl ethyl ketone cyanohydrin and a precursor to the toxic compound hydrogen cyanide. Extracted from Rhodiola sacra lotaustralin potently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells induced by an antigen-antibody reaction exhibiting antiallergic activity.

Myosmine (3-(1-pyrrolin-2-yl)pyridine) is a minor tobacco alkaloid widely occurring in food products of plant and animal origin. Myosmine expresses significant genotoxic effects in human target cells of carcinogenesis. After nitrosation and/or peroxidation, myosmine gives rise to reactive pyridyloxobutylating species which are capable of forming pyridyloxobutylated DNA adducts.

Cycloate (S-ethyl N-cyclohexyl(N-ethyl)thiocarbamate) is the active ingredient of various herbicide formulations, such as Ro-Neet 6Eand Buranit 74EC, which are commonly used in Central Europe. It belongs to the thiocarbamates (carbamothioates), which aregenerally used as graminicides before emergence of crops. Thiocarbamates are strong inhibitors of very-long-chain fattyacid elongases. It is moderately toxic to mammals, a chilinesterase inhibitor and neurotoxin. It is also moderately toxic to most fauna and flora.

3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is a chromogenic substrate for horseradish peroxidase. TMB is converted to a blue colored diimine, which can be registered on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 650 nM. TMB is commonly used in techniques such as ELISA and immunohistochemistry.

Dibutyl phosphate is be used as a precursor for antistatics, a mold release agent in polyurethane applications, and a non-volatile acidic catalyst in organic media. It is also used in many industrial applications as a surfactant because of its exceptional properties of wetting, emulsification, lubrication, coupling activity and detergency. Biologically Dibutyl phosphate is used as a diagnostic urine marker for exposure to certain toxic alkyl-phosphate compounds found in insecticides and industrial lubricants.

Magnesium Bisulfite is used in the enzymatic production of fructose. It is also used in a pulp mill for the beech wood processing.

Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is used primarily as an additive to steel and corrosion-resistant alloys. It is also used as a chemical intermediate for molybdenum products; an industrial catalyst; a pigment; a crop nutrient; components of glass, ceramics, and enamels; a flame retardant for polyester and polyvinyl chloride resins; and a reagent in chemical analyses. Molybdenum trioxide was nominated by the NCI for toxicity and carcinogenicity studies as a representative inorganic molybdenum compound. In addition some studies were done, showing the potential utility of MoO3 for treating metastatic cancer cells, which might enable advancements in cancer therapy.

Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Penicillium verrucosum—is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts. Human exposure can occur through consumption of contaminated food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A, like most toxic substances, has large species- and sex-specific toxicological differences.

N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) is a bacterial cell wall component. Peptidoglycan, also called murein, is a polymer that consists of long glycan chains that are cross-linked via flexible peptide bridges to form a strong but elastic structure that protects the underlying protoplast from lysing due to the high internal osmotic pressure. The peptidoglycan is the only cell wall polymer common to both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The glycan chain is built up of alternating, β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) subunits. The chemistry of the glycan chains varies only slightly between different bacteria.

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a global pollutant and an environmental toxicant, widely used as a fabric protector, serving as a stain repellant in drapery, carpets, and clothing. While its use in Europe, Canada, and the U.S. has been banned due to its human toxicity, it continues to be used in China and other developing countries as a global pollutant. However, epidemiologic evidence does not support a causal association between PFOS exposure and cancer risk in humans. However, in utero exposure to PFOS adversely affect the fetal synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, and inhibin B) in humans. Since the half-life of PFOS is relatively long, at 5.4-yr, even low-dose exposure to PFOS can accumulate in the body over an extended period of time. The mechanisms of PFOA -induced hepatic dysfunction are not completely understood but was shown, that PFOS induces their effects via targeting hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α) and thus altered its conformation. In addition, some recent experiments in vitro revealed, that PFOS-induced male reproductive dysfunction can possibly be managed through an intervention on Akt1/2 expression.