Mefenidil has been reported to be a selective cerebral vasodilator. It significantly increased cerebral blood flow (without stimulation of O2 uptake) and lowered cerebral vascular resistance without having significant effects in other circulatory regions. Increase in cerebral blood flow is not mediated via the beta-adrenergic receptor as the effect was not blocked by propranolol. However, the clinical usefulness of mefenidil as a cerebral vasodilator may be limited by the accompanying arterial hypotension due to systemic vasodilation, which was most prominent in heart and gut.

Enprofylline is a xanthine derivative that shares theophylline's bronchodilator properties. It can be considered a relatively selective, though not potent adenosine A2B receptors antagonist. Enprofylline is used in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Long-term enprofylline administration may be associated with the elevation in liver enzyme levels and unpredictable blood levels.

Dihydroergocristine is an ergot alkaloid that has an partial agonist activity on dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors and antagonist activity on serotonin receptors. The drug was approved by FDA in combination with other alkaloids (dihydroergocornine, dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine and dihydro-beta-ergocryptine mesylate salts) under the name Hydergine for the treatment of dimentia and cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine is an ergot alkaloid that has an agonist activity on D2 dopaminergic receptors and a partial agonist activity on D1 receptors. It also demonstrated antagonistic activity towards alpha-adrenergic receptors. The drug was approved by FDA in combination with other alkaloids (dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine and dihydro-beta-ergocryptine mesylate salts) under the name Hydergine for the treatment of dimentia and cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Indobufen is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation which acts by reversibly inhibiting the platelet cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. Indobufen under brand name Ibustrin is used for the following conditions: cerebrovascular insufficiency, atherosclerosis of peripheral and cerebral vessels, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, and diabetes mellitus. In addition, this drug has been investigated in the phase II clinical trial for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Racemic indobufen caused a dose-dependent inhibition of TXB2 and PGE2 production (IC50: 0.53 /- 0.06 and 0.34 /- 0.02 ug/ml, respectively). S-Indobufen was approximately 2-fold more potent than the racemate in inhibiting the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products. R-Indobufen affected the same enzyme but only at considerably higher concentrations (IC50: 53 /- 8 ug/ml). Serum LTB4 concentrations were significantly reduced only at indobufen concentrations greater than 50 ug/ml. In conclusion, indobufen is a selective inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase activity of platelet PGG/H synthase in a concentration range corresponding to the therapeutic plasma levels in man. This inhibitory effect is largely due to the S isomer of the drug.

Choline alfoscerate (alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine or Alpha-GPC) is a nootropic choline-containing phospholipid. Choline alphoscerate increases the release of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, facilitates learning and memory in experimental animals, improves brain transduction mechanisms and decreases age-dependent structural changes occurring in rat brain areas involved in learning and memory. The compound exerts neuroprotective effects in models of altered cholinergic neurotransmission and of brain vascular injury. In clinical studies choline alphoscerate improved memory and attention impairment, as well as affective and somatic symptoms in dementia disorders. In Europe alpha-GPC is a prescription medication for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is available in two forms; one is taken by mouth, and the other is given as a shot. In the United States alpha-GPC is only available as a dietary supplement, mostly in products promoted to improve memory. Other uses for alpha-GPC include treatment of various kinds of dementia, stroke, and "mini-stroke" (transient ischemic attack, TIA). Alpha-GPC is also used for improving memory, thinking skills, and learning.

Indobufen inhibits platelet aggregation by reversibly inhibiting the platelet cyclooxygenase enzyme thereby suppressing thromboxane synthesis. Indobufen under brand name ibustrin is used in Italy for the following conditions: cerebrovascular insufficiency, atherosclerosis of peripheral and cerebral vessels, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, and diabetes mellitus. In addition, this drug has been investigated in the phase II clinical trial for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. After oral administration, it is quickly and completely absorbed.

Vincamine is the major alkaloid of Vinca minor. Although vincamine has been used therapeutically for almost three decades, the exact mechanisms of action and its effects are still unknown. Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain. Vincamine is beneficial to the nervous system's cells feeding and protecting processes and is utilized as an adjuvant in case of cerebrovascular insufficiency, age-related psycho-behavioral disorders, post concussion syndrome in head trauma, in case of post-stroke sequels. Vincamine may be used as a dietary nootropic supplement.

Mefenidil has been reported to be a selective cerebral vasodilator. It significantly increased cerebral blood flow (without stimulation of O2 uptake) and lowered cerebral vascular resistance without having significant effects in other circulatory regions. Increase in cerebral blood flow is not mediated via the beta-adrenergic receptor as the effect was not blocked by propranolol. However, the clinical usefulness of mefenidil as a cerebral vasodilator may be limited by the accompanying arterial hypotension due to systemic vasodilation, which was most prominent in heart and gut.

Dihydroergocristine is an ergot alkaloid that has an partial agonist activity on dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors and antagonist activity on serotonin receptors. The drug was approved by FDA in combination with other alkaloids (dihydroergocornine, dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine and dihydro-beta-ergocryptine mesylate salts) under the name Hydergine for the treatment of dimentia and cerebrovascular insufficiency.