Eltoprazine, a 5-HT1A/B receptor partial agonist, was created by Duphar in the 1980s (as DU-28853) and was subsequently developed by Solvay to treat pathological aggression. This drug is in clinical development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease levodopa-induced dyskinesia (PD-LID), Alzheimer's aggression and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adult ADHD). In addition, was shown, that the drug could be useful for normalizing prefrontal cognitive abilities, reducing aggression and impulsivity, and improving cognitive function in schizophrenia.

CP 226269 is a selective dopamine D4 agonist. This compound was developed by Pfizer for Neuroscience research. CP226269 showed a significant enhancement in the 5-trial inhibitory avoidance model.

SB-277011 is a potent and selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist. SB-277011 attenuates reinforcing propertes of drugs of abuse incluting opiates, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and ethanol. SB-277011A produced a significant decrease in food intake in obese rats. Clinical development of SB-277011A has been halted by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, due to poor bioavailability (~2%) and a very short half-life (<20 min) in primates.

ABT-239 is a selective, nonimidazole H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, which was investigated by Abbott laboratory as a potential drug for treatment of a variety of cognitive disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.

Nafadotride is a highly potent and competitive dopamine D3 receptor antagonist (D3DR), with efficacy against D2DR and D4DR as well. Nafadotride displayed a high affinity for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, but a low affinity for doparnine D1 and D4. At dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, the potency was concentrated on the l-enantiomer, which was 7 and 20 times, respectively, more potent than the d-enantiomer. dl-Nafadotride, l-nafadotride and d-nafadotride were 6, 10 and 2 times, respectively, more potent at dopamine D3 than at D2 receptors. As compared to haloperidol, a D 2 receptor preferring antipsychotic, the behavioral profile of nafadotride is characterized by stimulant properties on locomotor activity of rats habituated to their environment occurring at low dosage, i.e. in the range of 1 mg/kg. In contrast, nafadotride exerts typical D 2 receptor blocking responses at much higher dosage: for instance, about 100-fold higher dosages were required to observe extrapyramidal effects like catalepsy.

A-412,997 or A-412997 is a highly selective agonist for the dopamine D4 receptor. In animal tests, it improved cognitive performance to a similar extent as methylphenidate, but without producing place preference or other signs of abuse liability. When dosed systemically, A-412997 crossed the blood brain barrier rapidly. It was suggested, that selective activation of the D4 receptor, A-412997, might represent a target for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder without the potential drug abuse liability associated with current psychostimulant therapies.

Oroxylin A is a flavonoid compound, one of the main components extracted from Scutellariae radix. It possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, especially anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity. Oroxylin A inactivated HIF1α and reprogrammed fatty acid metabolism of HCT116 cells, decreasing intracellular fatty acid level and enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Oroxylin A improves attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-like behaviors in spontaneously hypertensive rats via enhancement of dopamine neurotransmission and not modulation of GABA pathway as previously reported. Importantly, the present study indicates the potential therapeutic value of oroxylin A in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Both in vitro and in vivo study showed that oroxylin A possesses low toxicity, but the field was just limited in cancer research.

Saikosaponin A is a triterpene saponin found in Bupleurum that exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuromodulatory, anticancer, and immunosuppressive activities. Saikosaponin A decreases production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 and increases mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal thresholds in animal models of chronic constructive injury. Saikosaponin A also decreases self-administration of cocaine and morphine. In colon carcinoma cells, saikosaponin A causes activation of caspases 2, 3, 8, and 9 and PARP, induces apoptosis, and decreases expression of Bcl-2 and XIAP. Additionally, this compound inhibits the proliferation and activation of ConA-treated T cells, inducing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and decreasing expression of TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ.

Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant. Pemoline is structurally dissimilar to the amphetamines and methylphenidate. Pemoline is generally considered dopaminergic, but its precise method of action hasn't yet been definitively determined. The interaction of pemoline with other drugs has not been studied in humans. The following are adverse reactions in decreasing order of severity within each category associated with pemoline: hepatic dysfunction, aplastic anemia, convulsive seizures, hallucinations, insomnia, anorexia and weight loss.

LEVAMFETAMINE the levorotatory form of amphetamine. L-amphetamine, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue. Pharmaceuticals that contain levoamphetamine are currently indicated and prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy in some countries. L-Amphetamine succinate was sold in Hungary between 1952 and 1955 under the brand name Cydril.