SB-590885 is a selective b-Raf inhibitor, developed by GlaxoSmithKline. It inhibited proliferation of BRAF-mutated cells in vitro and slowed down tumor growth in mouse xenograft model of melanoma.

Mono(ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is an active metabolite of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is a widely used plasticizer. MEHP has been shown to be moderately toxic. Studies involving orally administered MEHP revealed the mild hepatic changes occurred but there was no bioaccumulation of the monoester. Studies of the rat and rabbit indicated that MEHP has no teratogenic effects. This compound was readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Radioactivity following intravenous administration of 14C-MEHP was rapidly distributed in tissues, with the highest levels occurring in the liver, kidney, and urinary bladder. Mono(ethylhexyl) phthalate is a member of a class of chemical compounds with known adverse effects on the male reproductive system.

Geosmin is a germacranoid sesquiterpene or a trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol. Geosmin, an earthy-smelling substance, has been isolated from several actinomycetes. Geosmin is a naturally occurring biomolecule that contributes to the earthy or musty flavor and odor in water supplies. This water contaminant can be detected by humans at ng/l (parts per trillion) concentrations. Geosmin is used to confer an earthy scent to perfumes.

Coelenterazine is a cell-permeable aequorin luminophore that acts as a very sensitive and specific chemiluminescent probe for the superoxide anion. Coelenterazine can also be used for detecting changes in intracellular Ca2+ in cells that have been transfected with apoaequorin cDNA. Coelenterazine also acts as a powerful antioxidant. In vitro, coelenterazine enabled the dynamic monitoring of the RAW 264.7 cell oxidative burst. In vivo, there were early, preclinical, changes in the localization and magnitude of coelenterazine chemiluminescent foci. Coelenterazine offers a high-throughput method for assessing immune cell activation in culture and provides a means for the in vivo detection and localization of ROS during IBD disease progression.

SKF-91488 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of histamine-N-methyltransferase. It modulates the effects of exogenous histamine and endogenously released histamine induced by antigen challenge on plasma extravasation in the airway in guinea pigs in vivo. SKF-91488 raised dose-dependently the pain threshold in rodent antinociception tests. Endogenous central histamine, after SKF 91488 treatment, via activation of H, receptors produces reversal of hypotension, with improvement in the survival rate at 2 h after treatment, in rats subjected to critical haemorrhagic hypovolaemia.

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) is a redox indicator. In the TTC assay (also known as TTC test or tetrazolium test), TTC is used to differentiate between metabolically active and inactive tissues or cells. The white compound is enzymatically reduced to red TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) in living tissues or cells due to the activity of various dehydrogenases (enzymes important in oxidation of organic compounds and thus cellular metabolism), while it remains as white TTC in areas of necrosis since these enzymes have been either denatured or degraded. TTC test is a reliable, sensitive, and specific adjunct in the examination of the human heart at necropsy to diagnose acute myocardial infarction in the human population. In addition TTC test may be used for diagnostics of bacteriuria.

Geldanamycin, an antimicrobial compound, was purified in 1970 from the culture filtrates of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus var. nova. Geldanamycin is moderately active in vitro against protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. It also has an antineoplastic effect against some cancer cells growing in culture. Molecular studies revealed the binding of geldanamycin to members of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family of molecular chaperones. Interference with the function of these HSPs seems to be the major mechanism of action of geldanamycin.

Thioimidodicarbonic diamide (Dithiobiuret) is an organosulfur compound used as a plasticizer, a rubber accelerator and as an intermediate in pesticide manufacturing. Chronic administration of dithiobiuret induces a neuromuscular syndrome of flaccid muscle weakness. Mechanisms underlying this effect involve disruptions of acetylcholine (ACh) release and possibly modulation of the ACh receptor channel complex functioning.

Muscarine or muscarin, a water-soluble toxin, which initially was isolated from the mushroom species Amanita muscar. Muscarine mimics the action of the acetylcholine by binding to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and acts as an agonist.

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a global pollutant and an environmental toxicant, widely used as a fabric protector, serving as a stain repellant in drapery, carpets, and clothing. While its use in Europe, Canada, and the U.S. has been banned due to its human toxicity, it continues to be used in China and other developing countries as a global pollutant. However, epidemiologic evidence does not support a causal association between PFOS exposure and cancer risk in humans. However, in utero exposure to PFOS adversely affect the fetal synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, and inhibin B) in humans. Since the half-life of PFOS is relatively long, at 5.4-yr, even low-dose exposure to PFOS can accumulate in the body over an extended period of time. The mechanisms of PFOA -induced hepatic dysfunction are not completely understood but was shown, that PFOS induces their effects via targeting hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α) and thus altered its conformation. In addition, some recent experiments in vitro revealed, that PFOS-induced male reproductive dysfunction can possibly be managed through an intervention on Akt1/2 expression.