Eleutheroside E is one of the active constituents of the Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) is also called Harms (ES), Acanthopanax senticosus, Siberian ginseng, or Gasiogapi in Korea. It is a diastereoisomer of Eleutheroside D. Eleutheroside E (EE) significantly decreased the inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, cartilage damage, and bone erosion of collagen-induced arthritis mice, highlighting Eleutheroside E as a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of rat mesangial cells with Eleutheroside E markedly attenuated high glucose induced cells proliferation and in a dose-dependent manner. Intervention with EE also significantly blocked high glucose induced intracellular ROS production by decreasing NADPH oxidase activity. Intervention with EE also significantly blocked high glucose induced intracellular ROS production by decreasing NADPH oxidase activity. EE mediates the hyperglycemic effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus by regulating insulin signaling and glucose utilization. The beneficial effects of EE may provide an effective and powerful strategy to alleviate diabetes. Eleutheroside E exhibited weak inhibition against CYP2C9, CYP2E1 activity, and no effect on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The inhibition can result in the increase of the plasma concentration and toxicity of concomitant drugs, especially for those with narrow therapeutic windows such as warfarin, phenobarbital and phenytoin.

(-)-Coniine is a biologically active enantiomer of piperidine alkaloid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist found in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). (-)-Coniine is teratogenic and its teratogenecity can be explained by the binding, activation, and prolonged desensitization of fetal muscle-type nAChR, which results in the complete inhibition of fetal movement.

5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (5-API, 5-IT, PAL-571) is a psychoactive phenethylamine derivative with empathogenic effects used for recreational purposes. 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole, originally synthesized as a stimulant in the 1960s now joins the list of psychoactive substances and may to be one of the newest MDMA replacements. 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole acts as a triple monoamine releasing agent and also as selective MAO-A inhibitor.

Imazapyr is the International Organization for Standardization–approved name of 2-[(RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]nicotinic acid (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), with Chemical Abstracts Service No. 81334-34-1. Imazapyr is a herbicide used for the control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in a variety of crops, including major uses in soya bean, sunflower, rice, maize, sugar cane, rape, wheat and non-crop areas such as vegetation management and forestry and minor uses in tobacco and oil palm. Imazapyr is absorbed quickly through plant tissue and can be taken up by roots. It is translocated in the xylem and phloem to the meristematic tissues. Imazapyr kills weeds by inhibiting the activity of the plant-specific enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase, which catalyses the production of three branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) required for protein synthesis and cell growth. The rate of plant death is usually slow (several weeks) and is likely related to the amount of stored amino acids available to the plant. Only plants have acetohydroxyacid synthase and therefore, imazapyr is of low toxicity to animals (including fish and insects).

Calycanthine is the principal alkaloid of the family Calycanthaceae. Calycanthine is a central nervous system toxin, causing convulsions in animals. Calycanthine may mediate its convulsant action predominantly by inhibiting the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA as a result of interactions with L-type Ca(2+) channels and by inhibiting GABA-mediated chloride currents at GABA(A) receptors.

Evodiamine, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, is one of the main bioactive ingredients of Evodia Rutaecara, the dried unripe fruit of which is also known as Wu zhu yu (Wu Zhu Yu, interchangeably) or Evodia Fruit. Evodia Fruit used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the purposes of warmth, intestinal comfort (specifically; to alleviate abdominal pain, acid regurgitation, nausea and diarrhea), dysmenorrheal, and fighting inflammation and infections. With respect to the pharmacological actions of evodiamine, more attention has been paid to beneficial effects in insults involving cancer, obesity, nociception, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, infectious diseases and thermo-regulative effects. Evodiamine has evolved a superior ability to bind various proteins including TRPV1, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and topoisomerases I and II. There are currently no human studies on evodia rutaecarpa berries or evodiamine.

Phenanthridinone, an isoquinoline derivative, is a potent poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 inhibitor. It could be considered as a potent immunomodulator, and also as the prototype of a new class of adjuncts in cancer chemotherapy.

T0901317 is a potent, high affinity liver X receptors (LXRs) agonist. It upregulates expression of the ABCA1 gene associated with cholesterol efflux regulation and high-density lipoproteins metabolism. It also exhibits inverse agonist activity at constitutive androstane receptors (CARs). T0901317 activates bile acid farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), and it is 10-fold more potent than natural FXR ligand chenodeoxycholic acid.

(-)-AP-7 is an active isomer of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, an NMDA receptor antagonist.

Methoxetamine (abbreviated as MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. MXE acts behaviourally as a typical dissociative anesthetic with stimulant and anxiogenic effects at lower doses, sedative/anesthetic effects at higher doses, and as a disruptor of sensorimotor gating. Its pharmacological effects have not yet been adequately investigated, but recently published articles shown, that MXE differentially affected motor activity, behavior and emotional states in rats, depending on the dose tested. Methoxetamine acts mainly as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.