MAM-2201 has been recently detected in herbal products and has psychoactive and intoxicating effects in humans, suggesting that MAM-2201 alters brain function. MAM-2201 acts as an agonist of human cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and thus to suppress neurotransmitter release. The reduction of neurotransmitter release from CB1R-containing synapses could contribute to some of the symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid intoxication including impairments in cerebellum-dependent motor coordination and motor learning.

QUCHIC or BB-22 (1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-8-quinolinyl ester-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid), a quinoline derivative, is a synthetic cannabinoid. It is considered to be a constituent of illicit smoking mixtures "spice".

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC) is a substituted alpha-methylated phenethylamine, a psychedelic drug. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. DOC acts as a selective -hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) receptor 5-HT2A and 5-HT2c agonist.

Senegenin (Tenuigenin) is a natural product from Polygala tenuifolia used in Chinese medicine to improve memory and intelligence. Senegenin attenuated hepatic ischemia-reperfusion induced cognitive dysfunction via increasing NR2B expression in rat hippocampus. Senegenin displayed antiapoptotic and antioxidative activity in hippocampal neurons due to scavenging of intracellular reactive oxygen species, regulating Bcl-2 family and suppressing caspase-3 activity. In vitro studies have indicated that senegenin treatment suppresses secretion of amyloid β protein and attenuate its cytotoxicity. Anti-inflammatory effect of senegenin is expressed via inhibition of NF-κB activation and was investigated in preclinical models of pneumonia, osteoarthritis, acute liver injury and other diseases.

Ibotenic acid is an isoxazole originally isolated from Amanita mushrooms. The toxic fungi Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric, was used to prepare the soma. The feelings of euphoria or invincibility experienced by those who drank it were eventually attributed to a group of isoxazoles centuries later. Two of these - ibotenic acid and muscimol - were first isolated from the Japanese mushroom Amanita ibotengutake in the 1960s, but found in abundance in all Amanita mushrooms. Ibotenic acid is a non-protein amino acid that is unstable and easily decarboxylated to muscimol. Ibotenic acid is a glutamate agonist, acting at glutamate receptors. Ibotenic acid is neurotoxic and used to induce cerebral lesioning in animal models.

BMS-193885 is a potent and selective neuropeptide Y(1) receptor antagonist. BMS-193885 has 3.3 nM affinity at the neuropeptide Y(1) receptor, acting competitively at the neuropeptide Y binding site. BMS-193885 increased the K(d) of [(125)I]PeptideYY from 0.35 nM to 0.65 nM without changing the B(max) (0.16 pmol/mg of protein) in SK-N-MC cells that endogenously express the neuropeptide Y(1) receptor. It is also found to be a full antagonist with an apparent K(b) of 4.5 nM measured by reversal of forskolin (FK)-stimulated inhibition of cAMP production by neuropeptide Y. Pharmacological profiling showed that BMS-193885 has no appreciable affinity at the other neuropeptide Y receptors, and is also 200-fold less potent at the alpha(2) adrenergic receptor. BMS-193885 reduces food intake and body weight via inhibition of the central neuropeptide Y(1) receptor. BMS-193885 has good systemic bioavailability and brain penetration, but lacks oral bioavailability. BMS-193885, a potent and selective neuropeptide Y(1) receptor antagonist might be an efficacious treatment for obesity in humans.

N-Methyl-DL-Aspartic Acid (NMDLA) represents a racemic mixture of D and L enantiomers (NMDA; NMLA). Each enantiomer has different biological activities and different natural tissue/species abundances. Therefore, each enantiomer should be considered separately. NMDA is a widely studied neurotoxin which is an agonist of the NMDA receptor and induces brain legions. NMDA is not normally found in tissues, while NMLA can be found naturally in some bivalves.

Norketamine is one of the major metabolites of Ketamine, which is routinely used as an anesthetic. Norketamine is a potent antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and is believed to contribute to the analgesic effects of ketamine. In animal models, norketamine has been noted to increase the glomerular filtration rate by remodeling the cellular cytoskeleton, and it has been identified as having possible antidepressant effects.

SKF83959 is a benzodiazepine derivative which acts as an agonist of D1 receptor. Activation of D1 receptors by SKF83959 fails to stimulate adenylyl cyclase and inhibits the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase induced by dopamine but stimulates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate hydrolysis in membranes of frontal cortex. SKF83959 was identified as a specific agonist for the heteromer D1/D2 complex. SKF83959 elicit anti-parkinsonism effects in monkeys and rodents. In lower concentrations, SKF83959 inhibits serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters and is an allosteric regulator of sigma 1 receptor. The compound has demonstrated activity in a preclinical model of depression.

UR-144 is a potent synthetic cannabinoid designed by Abbott Laboratories as a CB2 selective agonist for pain management and other indications. UR-144 preferentially binds the peripheral CB2 receptor (Ki = 1.8 nM) over the central CB1 receptor (Ki = 150 nM). Pre-clinical studies of nociceptive and neuropathic pain have shown that CB2-selective ligands are analgesics without causing the adverse side effects linked with CB1 receptor activation. However, UR-144 has no therapeutic application. According to the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) there are currently no approved or on-going drug applications for the medical use of UR-144.