CTEP is a compound chemically derived from basimglurant and optimized for utility in rodent studies. CTEP is the first reported mGlu5 inhibitor with both, very long half-life and high oral bioavailability in rodents, classifying as useful pharmacological tool for long-term treatment. CTEP is significantly active in treatment of anxiety in rat and mouse. Chronic treatment with CTEP in a mouse model of Fragile X rescued learning and memory deficits, elevated locomotor activity and increased spine density, suggesting that this treatment may be effective in correcting multiple neurological symptoms. CTEP was able to improve various behavioral alterations induced by chronic social defeat stress.

ISOCLOZAPINE is typical antipsychotic that acts by blocking the receptors in the brain’s dopamine pathways. Isoclozapine has high affinities at both DA (D1 and D2) and serotonin (5-HT2A and 5-HT2C) receptors. Isoclozapine shows the greatest antipsychotic potential on inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing in mice at quite low doses under sc or po administrations. However, Isoclozapine also produces catalepsy at low doses.

Sazetidine-A (6-[5-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]hex-5-yn-1-ol or AMOP-H-OH) is a "silent desensitizer" of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), meaning that it desensitizes the receptor without first activating it. Later it was shown that Sazetidine-A is an agonist of native and recombinant alpha4beta2 nAChRs but shows differential efficacy on alpha4beta2 nAChRs subtypes. In animal models it is able to regulate the gain in body weight, alcohol and nicotine dependence. Sazetidine-A exerts analgesic, antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.

BCTC is an orally effective mixed TRPV1/TRPM8 antagonist. Inhibits acid- and capsaicin-induced activation of rat TRPV1 receptors (IC50 values are 6.0 and 35 nM respectively). BCTC is shown to have robust antihyperalgesic properties in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. TRPM8 specific antagonist BCTC demonstrated excellent anti-tumor activity in PCa DU145 cells, and therefore has the potential to become a targeted therapeutic strategy against PCa.

PF-03246799 (PF-3246799) is a potent 5-HT2C receptor agonist. PF-3246799 had minimal activation at either the 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptors, combined with robust efficacy in a preclinical canine model of SUI and attractive pharmacokinetic and safety properties. It is a candidate for clinical development for the treatment of SUI.

Propylnorapomorphine is a potent and selective D2 receptor agonist. Propylnorapomorphine is used as a tool compound to label dopamine receptors in rodent brain, and elicits dopaminergic behavioural effects. It stimulates motor activity, induces stereotypic behaviour and sexual stimulation. Propylnorapomorphine was investigated in clinical trial against Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia

GF109203X (GO-6850) displayed high selectivity for protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes. GF109203X (GO-6850) is a competitive PKC inhibitor with respect to ATP. As PKC is a central enzyme that modulates numerous biological functions GF109203X is extensively used as a tool for studying the involvement of PKC in signal transduction pathways.

Staurosporine is an alkaloid isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces staurosporesa. It exerts antimicrobial, hypotensive, and cytotoxic activity. The main biological activity of staurosporine is the inhibition of protein kinases through the prevention of ATP binding to the kinase. This is achieved through the stronger affinity of staurosporine to the ATP-binding site on the kinase. Staurosporine is a prototypical ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor in that it binds to many kinases with high affinity, though with little selectivity. It is a potent, cell permeable protein kinase C inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.7 nM. At higher concentration (1-20 nM), staurosporine also inhibits other kinases such as PKA, PKG, CAMKII and Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). At 50-100 nM, it is a functional neurotrophin agonist, promoting neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma and brain primary neuronal cultures. At 0.2- 1 uM, staurosporine induces cell apoptosis. Staurosporine is also a potent GSK-3β inhibitor with a reported IC50 value of 15 nM. In research, staurosporine is used to induce apoptosis. It has been found that one way in which staurosporine induces apoptosis is by activating caspase-3. Staurosporine was discovered to have biological activities ranging from anti-fungal to anti-hypertensive. The interest in these activities resulted in a large investigative effort in chemistry and biology and the discovery of the potential for anti-cancer treatment. Staurosporine induces apoptosis by multiple pathways and that the inhibition of more than one kinase is responsible for its potent activity. Because the mechanism of action of staurosporine is distinct from traditional anticancer drugs, this may warrant further preclinical evaluations of the antitumor potential of new staurosporine derivatives either alone or in combination with death ligands or conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.

Indolocarbazole GO-6976 inhibited the calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes alpha and beta 1. As PKC is a central enzyme that modulates numerous biological functions GO-6976 is extensively used as a tool for studying the involvement of PKC in signal transduction pathways. GO6976 was originally synthesized by Goedecke (formerly a subsidiary of Warner-Lambert, now Pfizer) in Germany. Preclinical investigations carried out by Goedecke have been for the potential treatment of HIV infections. Preclinical research with GO 6976 had been conducted by Biomol Inc. and Calbiochem in the USA as a potential treatment for cancer. No further information has been available for the compound therefore it is assumed that development has been discontinued. In addition to GO-6976 inhibition of PKC, it was reported that GO-6976 also inhibits JAK 2 and FLT3 tyrosine kinases and non-kinase transmembrane guanylyl cyclase.

DOV-102,677 is a “Triple” Monoamine Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitor being developed by Merck for treating the major depressive disorder. In preclinical studies, DOV 102,677 increased extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT in the prefrontal cortex at 100 min after administration. DA levels were stably increased for the duration (240 min) of the study, but serotonin levels declined to baseline by 200 min after administration. NE levels increased linearly to a maximum of 240 min post-dosing. Consistent with these increases in NE levels, the density of β-adrenoceptors was selectively decreased in the cortex of rats treated with DOV 102,677. DOV 102,677 dose-dependently reduced the amount of time spent immobile by rats in the forced swim test, a model predictive of antidepressant activity, with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 20 mg/kg and a maximal efficacy comparable to imipramine. However, phase I clinical trials for treatment Depression in the USA was discontinued. Instead of being developed for depression, DOV-102,677 is being developed for the treatment of alcoholism.