Butoctamide (Butoctamide hydrogen succinate, BAHS), which is related to an organic compound naturally occurring in CSF, has been demonstrated to increase REM sleep in cats and young adults. BAHS was confirmed also to increase REM sleep in healthy aged subjects. The drug is marketed under the brand named Listomin S in Japan. It is effective against insomnia and other sleep disorders.

Etafenone is an antiarrhythmic and coronary vasodilator drug. Etafenone exerts negative inotropic action on myocardium. It is able to block calcium channels. As a coronary vasodilator which produces a decrease in the heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption, etafenone has been used in the therapy of ischemic heart disease.

Cathine, known as D-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of amphetamine class, found naturally in Catha edulis (khat). It is a norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent, and has thermogenic and anorectic effect. In the United States, cathine is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance. Cathine hydrochloride is used as an appetite suppressant during the first few weeks of dieting to help establish new eating habits.

Fenproporex is a central and indirect-acting sympathomimetic. It was developed as an anorectic drug. Their anorectic effects are believed to be a result of adrenergic activation. Fenproporex has never been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for sale in the US due to lack of efficacy and safety data. There is a paucity of randomized, placebo-controlled trials on Fenproporex. These studies suggest that Fenproporex is modestly effective in promoting weight loss. Data from these studies are insufficient to determine the risk-benefit profile of Fenproporex. Abuse potential and amphetamine-like adverse effects are causes for concern. Adverse effect most frequently reported are: insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, dry mouth.

Meclofenoxate (INN, BAN) (brand name Lucidril), also known as centrophenoxine, is a cholinergic nootropic used as a dietary supplement and drug in the treatment of symptoms of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Meclofenoxate has been shown in studies to be effective in enhancing the memory and in improving the cognitive functions of the elderly. Some studies even suggest that Meclofenoxate has the ability to reverse the signs of brain aging. While claims about its ability as a nootropic agent have not been fully established in clinical trials, some studies do strongly suggest that it is indeed very effective in improving memory retention and recall. Meclofenoxate HCL Powder for Injection is also indicated for the following conditions: comma; skull and brain trauma; following a stroke; encephalopathy; mental disorders (in combination with psychotropic agents); mental and psychomotor retardation in children; brain intoxication; alcohol psychoses; neuritis and polyneuritis. The main mechanism of action of Meclofenoxate is generally believed to be cholinergic in nature. As an efficient transporter of DMAE, Meclofenoxate encourages the production of choline in the brain, which is then synthesized into acetylcholine. The more acetylcholine neurotransmitters in the brain, the better and more efficient the cognitive functions will be. Meclofenoxate also increases cellular membrane phospholipids

Xamoterol (ICI 118,587) is a partial agonist of beta1-adrenoceptors. Xamoterol acts on the cardiac beta 1-adrenergic receptor, modifies the response of the heart to variations in sympathetic activity. At rest, it produces modest improvements in cardiac contractility, relaxation, and filling without increase in myocardial oxygen demand. The improvements are maintained during exercise although the attendant tachycardia is attenuated. The beneficial effects of xamoterol on both systolic and diastolic function suggested that it would be effective in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure, and this was demonstrated in small placebo-controlled studies where effort tolerance and symptoms were improved. Xamoterol produced improvements in exercise capacity, clinical signs, symptoms and quality of life with a low incidence of adverse experiences. Xamoterol is effective as monotherapy in heart failure.

There is no available information about this compound

Vincamine is the major alkaloid of Vinca minor. Although vincamine has been used therapeutically for almost three decades, the exact mechanisms of action and its effects are still unknown. Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain. Vincamine is beneficial to the nervous system's cells feeding and protecting processes and is utilized as an adjuvant in case of cerebrovascular insufficiency, age-related psycho-behavioral disorders, post concussion syndrome in head trauma, in case of post-stroke sequels. Vincamine may be used as a dietary nootropic supplement.

Tipepidine (INN) also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts. The safety of tipepidine in children and adults has already been established. It is reported that tipepidine inhibits G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK)-channel currents. The inhibition of GIRK channels by tipepidine is expected to modulate the level of monoamines in the brain. Tipepidine can improve attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms by modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission through the inhibition of GIRK channels. Tipepidine also is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As it acts on the central nervous system, overdose can cause altered mental status and other neurological symptoms; however, there have been few reports of tipepidine intoxication, including six cases in children and no cases in adults.

Tropisetron (Tropisetron-AFT) is a potent and selective serotonin 3 (5-hydroxytryptamine3; 5-HT3) receptor antagonist with antiemetic properties, probably mediated via antagonism of receptors both at peripheral sites and in the central nervous system. Surgery and treatment with certain substances, including some chemotherapeutic agents, may trigger the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin-like cells in the visceral mucosa and initiate the emesis reflex and its accompanying feeling of nausea. Tropisetron (Tropisetron-AFT) selectively blocks the excitation of the presynaptic 5-HT3 receptors of the peripheral neurons in this reflex, and may exert additional direct actions within the CNS on 5-HT3 receptors mediating the actions of vagal input to the area postrema.